The emergence of new psychoactive substances has earned a great deal of attention, and several reports of acute poisoning and deaths have been issued involving, for instance, synthetic opiates. In recent years, there have been profound alterations in the legislation concerning consumption, marketing, and synthesis of these compounds; rapid alert systems have also been subject to changes, and new substances and new markets, mainly through the internet, have appeared. Their effects and how they originate in consumers are still mostly unknown, primarily in what concerns chronic toxicity. This review intends to provide a detailed description of these substances from the point of view of consumption, toxicokinetics, and health consequences, including case reports on intoxications in order to help researchers and public health agents working daily in this area.

Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences. For this reason, the development and optimization of sensitive analytical methods that allow the determination of these compounds in different biological specimens is important, involving relevant efforts from laboratories. This paper will discuss cannabis consumption; toxicokinetics, the most detected compounds in biological samples; and characteristics of the latter. In addition, a comprehensive review of extraction methods and analytical tools available for cannabinoid detection in selected biological specimens will be reviewed. Important issues such as pitfalls and cut-off values will be considered.

Access to better health care anticipates that more medical devices can be found alongside skeletal remains. Those employed in oral rehabilitation, with available brands or batch/series, can prove useful in the identification process. A previous study in the Colecção de Esqueletos Identificados Século XXI described macroscopically the dental prostheses. An unusual case of a dental device with chromatic alterations demonstrated to require a more detailed analysis. The individual, a 53-year-old male, exhibited, at both arches, a fixed tooth-supported rehabilitation, with gold colouring classified initially as a gold-palladium alloy. Simultaneously, a green pigmentation deposit was observable in bone and prosthesis. This investigation aimed to verify the elemental composition of the dental prosthesis alloy. Elemental analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence in two regions (labial surface of the prosthetic crown and the root surface of the lower right lateral incisor). Both the spectra and the qualitative results found higher levels of copper and aluminium, followed by nickel, iron, zinc, and manganese. No gold or palladium was detected. The most probable assumption is that a copper-aluminium alloy was used, as its elemental concentration corresponds to those measured in similar devices. Dental prostheses of copper-aluminium alloys have been made popular since the 1980s, particularly in the USA, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Apart from the biographical information, it was also known that the individual's place of birth was an Eastern European country, which highlighted the usefulness of this type of information when dealing with missing people cases.

Ayahuasca is a beverage consumed at shamanic ceremonies and currently has gained popularity on recreational scenarios. It contains beta-carboline alkaloids and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, which possesses hallucinogenic effects. Only a few studies have elicited the psychoactive effects and the dose of such compounds on neurological dopaminergic cells or animals. In this work, we aimed to study the cytotoxic effects of these compounds present in ayahuasca beverages and on five different teas (Banisteriopsis caapi, Psychotria viridis, Peganum harmala, Mimosa tenuiflora and Dc Ab (commercial name)) preparations on dopaminergic immortalized cell lines. Moreover, a characterization of the derivative alkaloids was also performed. All the extracts were characterized by chromatographic systems and the effect of those compounds in cell viability and total protein levels were analyzed in N27 dopaminergic neurons cell line. This is the first article where cytotoxicity of ayahuasca tea is studied on neurological dopaminergic cells. Overall, results showed that both cell viability and protein contents decreased when cells were exposed to the individual compounds, as well as to the teas and to the two mixtures based on the traditional ayahuasca beverages. View Full-Tex

The importance of studying non-conventional biological matrices such as oral fluid (OF) is increasingly being recognized. This sample presents several advantages, mainly related to its collection procedure: it is non-invasive, easy to perform by non-medical personnel, can be performed under supervision to prevent adulteration, and provides low biohazard risk. OF samples are more likely to contain parent drugs, reflecting recent drug use – a major advantage of this matrix1. A fast and robust analytical methodology was developed in OF samples for the determination of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-OH), 11-carboxytetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), aiming at documenting cannabis consumption. Briefly, 200-μL aliquots of OF were subjected to protein precipitation with a refrigerated methanol/acetonitrile mixture (80:20, v/v). After centrifugation, the extracts were evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in methanol, and 5-μL aliquots were injected into the UPLC-QTRAP-MS 6500+ (SCIEX®) system (in a 14-minute run). The analysis was carried out in MRM mode with two transitions for each compound and one transition for each internal standard. The method was validated according to the guidelines of ANSI/ASB 0362. Parameters such as ion suppression/enhancement, interferents, linearity, precision and accuracy, limits of detection and quantification, dilution integrity and stability were studied and showcased satisfactory results. The 2 ng/mL cut-off for THC3 was achieved, and the method was successfully applied to real samples (57.95- 898.28 ng/mL for THC; 0.17-4.09 ng/mL for THC-COOH; 1.26-44.57 ng/mL for CBN; 0.42-1007.86 ng/mL).

The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI), particularly the late time since death, is a crucial issue when dealing with human remains. Its establishment is an important task for forensic scientists since it has important legal implications such as identifying a victim or prosecuting an offender. However, dating death is a very complex and challenging task due to the amount of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, that may influence the rate and nature of body decomposition. Many methods have been used to estimate PMI, from classical decomposition methods to entomological and botanical methods or more recently physics and biochemical methods. This paper reviews current forensic dating methods, focusing especially on forensic anthropological techniques. Nevertheless, the existing literature is insufficient, denoting a lack of effective methods to achieve an accurate and reliable PMI estimation and further investigation is required. A holistic approach, where every element must be considered, is the key to achieving a reliable estimation of PMI. Interdisciplinarity is thus mandatory, allied with the capacity of forensic anthropologists to denote

A Ayahuasca é uma bebida psicoativa originalmente consumida na bacia amazónica. Esta decocção possui N,N-dimetiltriptamina (DMT), responsável pelos efeitos psicoativos, e alcaloides β-carbolínicos, que inibem a Monoamina Oxidase A (MAO-A), permitindo que o DMT aceda ao sistema nervoso central. A legislação que regula o consumo de Ayahuasca é pouco rigorosa, uma vez que esta também é consumida em contexto religioso, levando muitas vezes a um consumo não controlado. Este estudo tem como objetivo a quantificação simultânea de DMT, tetrahidroharmina (THH), harmina, harmalina, harmol e harmalol em amostras de Ayahuasca. Assim, inicialmente foram comparadas três técnicas de extração: microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva (DLLME), microextração em seringa empacotada (MEPS) e Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS). Esta última mostrou ser a mais promissora, portanto foi submetida a um processo de otimização, onde foram testadas três variáveis (volume de solvente extrator, quantidade de amina primária secundária (PSA) e tempo de vórtex). As condições finais utilizadas foram 500 μL de solvente extrator, 85 mg de PSA e 4 segundos de agitação por vórtex. Posteriormente, foi utilizada cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a um detetor de diode array (HPLC-DAD). O método analítico foi validado, apresentando linearidade entre 10 e 0,16 μg/mL (1 e 0,016 μg/mL para o DMT) com coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,99. Os limites de deteção e quantificação foram de 0,16 μg/mL para as β-carbolinas e 0,016 μg/mL para o DMT e as eficiências de extração variaram entre 60 e 88 %. Este é o primeiro estudo que quantifica os principais constituintes de ayahuasca recorrendo à técnica de QuEChERS.

Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation represents a significant challenge in the forensic sciences, particularly when dealing with human skeletal remains. A screening protocol for distinguishing possible remains of forensic interest is a crucial tool for judicial purposes. In this context, luminol chemiluminescence emerges as a promising method, with low overall costs and required time. This method is primarily used as a presumptive test, based on the understanding that the intensity of the chemiluminescence reactions decreases with an increase in the postmortem interval, thus underlining its practical implications. This research aims to expand previous research on the potential of luminol chemiluminescence, evaluating its usefulness in estimating PMI. Our sample comprised 239 human clavicles, with known PMI. The luminol solution was sprayed on each powder bone sample in a dark room, observed by the naked eye and photographed. The intensity of the chemiluminescence reaction was measured using a binary and a 5-level scale. The present results reveal that this method is a suitable tool for PMI estimation as a presumptive test, reducing time and costs in criminal investigations. The findings underscore the high sensitivity of luminol chemiluminescence for detecting recent PMI but also highlight a notable incidence of false positives. Thus, our results confirm luminol chemiluminescence as a powerful tool for dating time of death, particularly for identifying forensic relevant remains. Still, the relatively low specificity indicates that it should be complemented with additional tests for further confirmation and scientific validation of the remains’ forensic relevance.

Introduction : Ayahuasca is a psychoactive drink originally consumed by indigenous people of the Amazon. The lack of regulation of this drink leads to uncontrolled consumption, and it is often consumed in religious contexts. Objective :The aim of this work is to compare three miniaturised extraction techniques for extracting the main ayahuasca compounds from beverages. Methodology:Three sample pretreatment techniques were evaluated (dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction [DLLME], microextraction by packed sorbent [MEPS] and QuEChERS [Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe]) for the simultaneous extraction of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), tetrahydroharmine (THH), harmine, harmaline, harmol and harmalol from ayahuasca beverage samples. Then, the most promising technique (QuEChERS) was chosen to pre-concentrate the analytes, subsequently detected by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Results: The procedure was optimised, with the final conditions being 500 μL of extractor solvent, 85 mg of primary secondary amine (PSA) and 4 s of vortexing. The analytical method was validated, showing to be linear between 0.16 and 10 μg/mL for β-carbolines and between 0.016 and 1 μg/mL for DMT, with coefficients of determination (R2) between 0.9968 and 0.9993. The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 0.16 μg/mL for all compounds, except for DMT (0.016 μg/mL) and extraction efficiencies varied between 60.2% and 88.0%. Conclusion: The analytical methodology proved to be accurate and precise, with good linearity, LODs and LLOQs. This method has been fully validated and successfully applied to ayahuasca beverage samples.

A canábis é a droga de abuso mais consumida na Europa, pelo que várias metodologias analíticas têm sido desenvolvidas para a quantificação dos seus componentes em matrizes biológicas, especialmente sangue e urina. No entanto, cada vez mais se está a reconhecer a importância do estudo de matrizes biológicas não-convencionais, nomeadamente cabelo e fluido oral (ou saliva) – os seus procedimentos de recolha não são invasivos e estas amostras fornecem informações complementares sobre o uso de drogas, permitindo o controlo da exposição recente (saliva) e de médio a longo prazo (cabelo). Desta forma, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia analítica para a determinação e quantificação de tetrahidrocanabinol (THC), 11-hidroxi-tetrahidrocanabinol (THC-OH), 11-carboxitetrahidrocanabinol (THC-COOH), canabinol (CBN) e canabidiol (CBD) em amostras de saliva por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa em tandem (LC-MS/MS). Segundo as Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs, o cut-off de THC em amostras de saliva é 2 ng/mL, exigindo um procedimento de extração otimizado e a utilização de uma técnica cromatográfica sensível. Resumidamente, a 200 μL de saliva foi adicionado o padrão interno, e as amostras foram submetidas a precipitação proteica com uma mistura de metanol/acetonitrilo (80:20, v/v) refrigerada. Depois de centrifugados, os extratos foram evaporados até à secura, reconstituídos em metanol, e 5 μL foram injetados no equipamento UPLC-QTRAP-MS 6500+ (SCIEX®), numa corrida de 14 minutos. A análise foi efetuada em modo MRM com duas transições para cada composto e uma transição para cada padrão interno. Os métodos foram validados de acordo com as diretrizes da norma ANSI/ASB 036, tendo sido estudados os parâmetros supressão iónica, interferentes, linearidade, precisão e exatidão, carryover, limites de deteção e quantificação, efeito de diluição e estabilidade das amostras extraídas. Todos os estudos destes parâmetros apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, e o método foi aplicado com sucesso a amostras reais. O método desenvolvido mostrou-se fácil, rápido, eficaz e robusto, estando apto para ser utilizado na rotina do laboratório, e sendo uma ferramenta complementar útil para o estudo do consumo recente de canabinóides.