Author(s): Damaceno, Jo??o Batista Dias
Date: 2020
Origin: Oasisbr
Subject(s): Solos - Forma????o; Solos - Teor de f??sforo; Aduba????o fosfatada; Solo hidrom??rfico; Energia de sor????o; CI??NCIAS AGR??RIAS: AGRONOMIA; Solos Amaz??nicos; Isotermas de Adsor????o; Perdas de F??sforo; Cin??tica de Adsor????o
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Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM
Understanding the behavior of phosphorus (P) in Amazonian soils has been the focus of many researchers in soil science in the region. Gathering complex factors involved in P sorption in these soils is essential to support future recommendations for phosphate fertilizers for different soils in Central Amazon. The objective of this thesis is to contribute with the knowledge of adsorption, availability and kinetics of adsorption of P in soils of the Amazon. Two soil profiles were selected: a hydromorphic soil (Haplic Gleysol Ta - GXv) and a non-hydromorphic soil (Dystrophic Yellow Oxisol - LAd) in the central region of the Amazon, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Soil samples were collected at five depths: 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm. Physical, chemical, mineralogical and morphological attributes of the soils were determined according to methodological procedures described by Embrapa (2017), as well as the adsorption and availability of P were evaluated through the following variables: P remaining, P available, maximum capacity adsorption of P, binding energy of P and the capacity factor of P. Langmuir adsorption isotherms were constructed and correlations were structured between the variables analyzed and the physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes of the soils. To determine isotherms and phosphorus adsorption kinetics, the different samples were stirred in 10 mmol L-1 CaCl2 solution containing 60 mg L-1 of P (KH2PO4) for the following stirring periods 0.25; 0.50; 1; 2; 4; 6; 12; 18; 24; 48; 72; 96; 120; 144; 168 and 192 hours. At the end of each stirring period, the concentration of P in the equilibrium solution was determined and general and linear equations of adsorption kinetics were used, as well as the adsorption time of specific percentages of P and the specific sorption speed of each phase. linear (I, II and III). The results show that silt contents are higher in GXv, while clay contents are higher in LAd. In both soils, the levels of organic matter decrease in depth. Attributes such as pH in H2O and KCl, zero charge point and ??pH were similar between soils. Exchangeable Al3+, potential acidity, effective and potential CTC are higher in non-hydromorphic soil. In both soils, the bases reduce in subsurface (> 20 cm). The levels of goethite (Gt) and hematite (Hm) are high in depth in non-hydromorphic soil and decrease in hydromorphic soil. There were no differences between P-Disp between soils. The remaining phosphorus was similar among the soils on the surface, but higher in the GXv subsurface. The isotherm in the LAd showed greater affinity between the adsorbent (soil) and the adsorbed (P) and differed only in depth 40-60 cm from GXv. In LAd, the decrease in organic matter and the increase in oxides in depth may explain the adsorption of P. In GXv, the decrease in organic matter and the decrease in oxides, due to gleization, indicate the sorption behavior of P. To describe the adsorption kinetics, the Kue and Lotse (1974) equation proved to be effective in the adsorption process in Amazonian soils. The adsorption kinetics in LAd is similar between depths and less intense in depth 40-60 cm in GXv. About 80% of the P is adsorbed in 2.5 and 2.1 days, respectively on the surface (<20 cm) and on the subsurface (> 20 cm) of the LAd. In 3.2 and 3.5 days, P adsorption occurs, respectively on the surface (<20 cm) and subsurface (> 20 cm) of GXv. Three P adsorption phases were identified in the depths of Amazonian soils. Phase I (fast) occurs between 0-18 hours, phase II (intermediate) between 18-96 hours and phase III (slow) between 96-192 hours onwards. The adsorption phase I is respectively 35.2 and 238.6 times faster than phases II and III in the LAd. The adsorption phase I is respectively 25.5 and 198.8 times faster than phases II and III in GXv. The decrease in organic matter and the decrease in oxide hydroxides in depth seem to explain the relationship of P with the soil, respectively in the Yellow Latosol and Haplic Gleysol. Isotherms, adsorption capacity and sorption energy are influenced by organic matter and Fe reduction processes. The P adsorption time varies between the two soils and the five depths, indicating that different P managements can reduce the losses of this nutrient in the soil.
Compreender o comportamento do f??sforo (P) em solos amaz??nicos tem sido o foco de muitos pesquisadores em ci??ncia do solo na regi??o. Reunir fatores complexos envolvidos na sor????o do P nestes solos ?? essencial para subsidiar futuras recomenda????es de aduba????es fosfatadas para solos distintos da Amaz??nia Central. O objetivo da presente tese ?? contribuir com os conhecimentos de adsor????o, disponibilidade e cin??tica de adsor????o de P em solos da Amaz??nia. Foram selecionados dois perfis de solos: um solo hidrom??rfico (Gleissolo H??plico Ta - GXv) e um solo n??o-hidrom??rfico (Latossolo Amarelo distr??fico ??? LAd) na regi??o central da Amaz??nia, no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Coletou-se amostras de solo em cinco profundidades: 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm e 40-60 cm. Foram determinados atributos f??sicos, qu??micos, mineral??gicos e morfol??gicos dos solos de acordo com procedimentos metodol??gicos descritos por Embrapa (2017), bem como avaliou-se a adsor????o e disponibilidade de P, por meio das seguintes vari??veis: P remanescente , P dispon??vel, capacidade m??xima de adsor????o de P, Energia de Liga????o de P e o Fator capacidade de P. Construiu-se isotermas de adsor????o de Langmuir e foram estruturadas correla????es entre as vari??veis analisadas e os atributos f??sicos, qu??micos e mineral??gicos dos solos. Para determina????o das isotermas e da cin??tica de adsor????o de f??sforo, as diferentes amostras foram agitadas em solu????o 10 mmol L-1 de CaCl2 contendo 60 mg L-1 de P (KH2PO4) pelos seguintes per??odos de agita????o 0,25; 0,50; 1; 2; 4; 6; 12; 18; 24; 48; 72; 96; 120; 144; 168 e 192 horas. Ao final de cada per??odo de agita????o determinou-se a concentra????o de P na solu????o de equil??brio e foram utilizadas equa????es gerais e lineares de cin??tica de adsor????o, assim como o tempo de adsor????o de porcentagens espec??ficas de P e a velocidade espec??fica de sor????o de cada fase linear (I, II e III). Os resultados evidenciam que os teores de silte s??o mais elevados no GXv, ao passo que os de argila s??o mais elevados no LAd. Em ambos os solos, os teores de mat??ria org??nica diminuem em profundidade. Atributos como pH em H2O e KCl, ponto de carga zero e ??pH foram similares entre os solos. O Al3+ troc??vel, acidez potencial, CTC efetiva e potencial s??o mais elevadas no solo n??o hidrom??rfico. Em ambos os solos, as bases reduzem em subsuperf??cie (> 20 cm). Os teores de goethita (Gt) e hematita (Hm) s??o elevados em profundidade no solo n??o-hidrom??rfico diminuem no solo hidrom??rfico. N??o houve diferen??as entre o P-Disp entre os solos. O f??sforo remanescente foi similar entre os solos na superf??cie, por??m mais elevado na subsuperf??cie do GXv. A isoterma no LAd mostrou maior afinidade entre o adsorvente (solo) e o adsorvido (P) e diferenciou-se apenas na profundidade 40-60 cm do GXv. No LAd, a diminui????o da mat??ria org??nica e aumento dos ??xidos em profundidade podem explicar a adsor????o de P. No GXv, a diminui????o da mat??ria org??nica e a diminui????o dos ??xidos, devido a gleiza????o, indicam o comportamento de sor????o de P. Para descrever a cin??tica de adsor????o, a equa????o de Kue e Lotse (1974) mostrou-se eficaz no processo de adsor????o em solos Amaz??nicos. A cin??tica de adsor????o no LAd ?? similar entre as profundidades e menos intensa na profundidade 40-60 cm no GXv. Cerca de 80% do P ?? adsorvido em 2,5 e 2,1 dias, respectivamente na superf??cie (< 20 cm) e na subsuperf??cie (> 20 cm ) do LAd. Em 3,2 e 3,5 dias ocorre adsor????o do P, respectivamente na superf??cie (< 20 cm) e na subsuperf??cie (> 20 cm ) do GXv. Tr??s fase de adsor????o de P foram identificadas nas profundidades dos solos amaz??nicos. A fase I (r??pida) ocorre entre 0-18 horas, a fase II (intermedi??ria) entre 18-96 horas e a fase III (lenta) entre 96-192 horas em diante. A fase I de adsor????o ?? respectivamente 35,2 e 238,6 vezes mais r??pida do que as fases II e III no LAd. A fase I de adsor????o ?? respectivamente 25,5 e 198,8 vezes mais r??pida que as fases II e III no GXv. A diminui????o da mat??ria org??nica e a diminui????o dos ??xi-hidr??xidos em profundidade parecem explicam a rela????o do P com o solo, respectivamente no Latossolo Amarelo e no Gleissolo H??plico. As isotermas, a capacidade de adsor????o e a energia de sor????o sofrem influ??ncia da mat??ria org??nica e dos processos de redu????o de Fe. O tempo de adsor????o de P ?? vari??vel entre os dois solos e as cinco profundidades, indicando que diferentes manejos de P podem reduzir as perdas deste nutriente no solo.
