Author(s): Bobrowiec, Paulo Estefano Dineli ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-6105
Date: 2021
Origin: Oasisbr
Subject(s): Barragens de hidrel??tricas; Morcegos frug??voros; Diversidade taxon??mica; Ecossistemas ribeirinhos; Efeitos temporais da inunda????o; CNPQ::CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::ZOOLOGIA::ZOOLOGIA APLICADA::CONSERVACAO DAS ESPECIES ANIMAIS; Amaz??nia; Avalia????o de impacto ambiental; Monitoramento de longo prazo; Mega barragem; Perda de habitat
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The Brazilian Amazon has approximately 90% (~ 95 MW) of unexploited energy potential and government agencies have planned studies for the construction of 254 new hydroelectric dams in Amazon region in the near future. Although hydroelectric power stations have been promoted as cleaner sources of energy by most governmental agencies, river damming interrupts the continuity of the river and causes the flooding of adjacent riverside and terrestrial ecosystems. The flooding of the lowlands causes direct disturbance in the abundance and species composition, in particular those species directly associated to the flooded gradients. Most of the data currently available about the effects of the hydroelectric dams are like static pictures of certain post flooding stages resulting from short-term projects often conducted years after the reservoir is filled. For a better understanding of the environmental impacts of the hydroelectric dams on wild species, it is advisable to evaluate impacts before and after the reservoir floods. Bats are excellent indicators of the health of ecosystems, particularly the Phyllostomidae bats, which are highly diverse both in species richness and in ecology. Habitat loss from human interference has repeatedly been identified as the main threat to the survival of many bat species, but the effects of the establishment and operation of hydroelectric power stations on bat assemblages are still poorly understood. The general objective of this thesis was to evaluate the spatial and temporal effects of the flooding of the Santo Ant??nio Hydroelectric Plant reservoir, upper River Madeira, State of Rond??nia, integrating bat data collected in areas that would be flooded and not flooded before of the dam construction with data collected in non-flooded areas after the river damming. The thesis is composed by three chapters that evaluate different aspects of the temporal and spatial effects of the dam filling on the taxonomic and functional composition of bats. In chapter 1, a total of 49 plots distributed along the areas going to be inundated by the dam and those remaining dry. As predictors for the species distribution, we tested the variables of vegetation structure and topography. A total of 2306 bats belonging to 58 species were captured. Species composition largely differed between the dry plots and the plots located in areas that will be flooded, and this was strongly associated with the variables of forest basal area and terrain elevation. Vegetation-related variables also had strong influence on the guild distribution. The flooding of lower elevations areas is expected to negatively affect the species number and abundance of frugivorous species. In contrast, it is likely that animalivores will be less vulnerable to dam-induced flooding, since they were abundant in the areas not expect to be inundated. In chapter 2, I sampled 12 plots that were going to be flooded (pre-flooded) after the establishing of the dam, and 34 plots that were to remain dry (pre-unflooded). Of the plots that remained dry, 25 of them were resampled after the river damming (post-dam). A total of 3096 bats belonging to 59 species were captured. Capture rates and number of species were similar among pre-flooded, pre-unflooded, and post-dam plots. On the other hand, the composition of species and frugivorous bats differed between the three plot types, with a clear discrimination of the v??rzea plots of the pre-flooded period. The comparison between pre- and post-dam dry plots showed that 60% of plots decreased in the abundance and 68% of the plots decreased in abundance of frugivorous bats. In chapter 3, the same plots as in chapter 2 were sampled. The flooding of the lowlands increased significantly the taxonomic and functional ??-diversity and functional uniqueness of the bat assemblages. I found strong evidence for a shift in functional traits after river damming, with an increase in the frequency of animalivorous bats and a reduction in phytophagues. The results of functional ??-diversity show that ?? total results from functional ?? replacement - substitution of traits weighted by the species abundance - and not by the loss or gain of functional traits. The results of this thesis showed that the effects of the Madeira River damming by the Santo Ant??nio Hydroelectric Power Plant were rapid, observed in the first two years after the flooding of the reservoir. Bat assemblages of the v??rzea forest were the most impacted by the formation of the reservoir and they were not represented among the remnant unflooded areas. The implementation of the reservoir did not reduce the number of bat species, but frugivorous bats responded negatively with a general abundance loss after flooding of the reservoir. As new hydroelectric dams are planned for the Amazon, I recommend the adoption of legislation aimed at hydroelectric dams that incorporate the creation of conservation units with special attention to the vegetation types permanently suppressed. This conservation management strategy must be financed by energy producing companies.
A Amaz??nia brasileira possui aproximadamente 90% (~ 95 MW) de potencial de energia n??o explorado e ag??ncias governamentais planejaram estudos para a constru????o de 254 novas barragens de hidrel??tricas na regi??o amaz??nica em um futuro pr??ximo. Embora as usinas hidrel??tricas t??m sido promovidas como fontes de energia mais limpas, o barramento dos rios interrompe a continuidade do rio e causam a inunda????o dos ecossistemas ribeirinhos e terrestres adjacentes. A inunda????o das terras baixas causa perturba????o direta na abund??ncia e na composi????o das esp??cies, em particular nas esp??cies diretamente associadas aos gradientes inundados. A maioria dos dados dispon??veis sobre os efeitos das barragens de hidrel??tricas s??o como imagens est??ticas de certos est??gios p??s-inunda????o resultantes de projetos de curto prazo, muitas vezes realizados anos ap??s o enchimento do reservat??rio. Para uma melhor compreens??o dos impactos ambientais das barragens hidrel??tricas sobre as esp??cies silvestres, ?? aconselh??vel avaliar os impactos antes e depois das cheias do reservat??rio. Os morcegos s??o excelentes indicadores da sa??de dos ecossistemas, particularmente os morcegos Phyllostomidae, que s??o altamente diversos tanto em riqueza de esp??cies quanto na sua ecologia. A perda de habitat por interfer??ncia humana tem sido repetidamente identificada como a principal amea??a ?? sobreviv??ncia de muitas esp??cies de morcegos, mas os efeitos do estabelecimento e opera????o de usinas hidrel??tricas nas assembleias de morcegos ainda s??o mal compreendidos. O objetivo geral dessa tese foi avaliar os efeitos espaciais e temporais da inunda????o do reservat??rio da Usina Hidrel??trica de Santo Ant??nio, alto Rio Madeira, Estado de Rond??nia, integrando dados de morcegos amostrados em ??reas que seriam inundadas e n??o inundadas antes da constru????o da hidrel??trica com dados coletados em ??reas n??o inundadas ap??s o barramento do rio. A tese ?? composta por tr??s cap??tulos que avaliam diferentes aspectos dos efeitos temporais e espaciais do enchimento da barragem na composi????o taxon??mica e funcional dos morcegos. No cap??tulo 1, um total de 49 parcelas distribu??das ao longo das ??reas que ser??o inundadas pela barragem e as que permanecer??o secas foram amostradas. Como preditores da distribui????o das esp??cies, eu testei as vari??veis de estrutura da vegeta????o e topografia. Um total de 2306 morcegos pertencentes a 58 esp??cies foram capturados. A composi????o de esp??cies diferiu amplamente entre as parcelas secas e as parcelas localizadas em ??reas que ser??o inundadas, e isso foi fortemente associado ??s vari??veis ??rea basal da floresta e eleva????o do terreno. Vari??veis relacionadas ?? vegeta????o tamb??m tiveram forte influ??ncia na distribui????o das guildas dos morcegos. A inunda????o de ??reas de eleva????es mais baixas ir?? afetar negativamente o n??mero de esp??cies e a abund??ncia de esp??cies frug??voras. Em contraste, ?? prov??vel que os animal??voros sejam menos vulner??veis ??s inunda????es induzidas pela barragem, uma vez que foram mais abundantes nas ??reas que n??o se espera serem inundadas. No cap??tulo 2, eu amostrei 12 parcelas que seriam inundadas (pr??-inundado) ap??s o estabelecimento da barragem e 34 parcelas que permaneceriam secas (pr??-n??o inundado). Das parcelas que permaneceram secas, 25 delas foram reamostradas ap??s o represamento do rio (p??s-barragem). Um total de 3096 morcegos pertencentes a 59 esp??cies foram capturados. As taxas de captura e o n??mero de esp??cies foram semelhantes entre as parcelas pr??-inundado, pr??-n??o inundado e p??s-barragem. Por outro lado, a composi????o de esp??cies e de morcegos frug??voros diferiu entre os tr??s tipos de parcelas, com uma clara discrimina????o das parcelas de v??rzea do per??odo pr??-inundado. A compara????o entre as parcelas secas pr??- e p??s-barragem mostrou que 60% das parcelas diminu??ram na abund??ncia e 68% das parcelas diminu??ram na abund??ncia dos morcegos frug??voros. No cap??tulo 3, foram amostradas as mesmas parcelas do cap??tulo 2. A inunda????o das terras baixas aumentou significativamente a diversidade ?? taxon??mica e funcional e a singularidade funcional das assembleias dos morcegos. Eu encontrei fortes evid??ncias de uma mudan??a nas caracter??sticas funcionais ap??s o represamento do rio Madeira, com um aumento na frequ??ncia de morcegos animal??voros e uma redu????o dos fit??fagos. Os resultados da diversidade ?? funcional mostram que o ?? total resulta do ?? substitui????o funcional - substitui????o de caracteres ponderada pela abund??ncia das esp??cies - e n??o pela perda ou ganho de tra??os funcionais. Os resultados dessa tese mostraram que os efeitos do barramento do Rio Madeira pela Usina Hidrel??trica de Santo Ant??nio foram r??pidos, observados nos primeiros dois anos ap??s a inunda????o do reservat??rio. As assembleias dos morcegos das florestas de v??rzea foram as mais impactadas pela forma????o do reservat??rio e n??o foram incorporadas nas ??reas remanescentes n??o inundadas depois da constru????o da barragem. A implanta????o do reservat??rio n??o reduziu o n??mero de esp??cies de morcegos, mas os morcegos frug??voros responderam negativamente com uma perda geral de abund??ncia ap??s a inunda????o do reservat??rio. Como novos barramentos de hidrel??tricas est??o planejados para a Amaz??nia, eu recomendo a ado????o de uma legisla????o voltada para hidrel??tricas que incorpore a cria????o de unidades de conserva????o com especial aten????o para os tipos de vegeta????o permanentemente suprimidos. Essa estrat??gia de gest??o da conserva????o deve ser financiada pelas empresas produtoras de energia.
O dep??sito foi muito tranquilo, desde a emiss??o da ficha catalogr??fica at?? o dep??sito.
