Author(s): Santos, Paula Ribeiro
Date: 2021
Origin: Oasisbr
Subject(s): Ectoparasita; Tambaqui (Peixe); Resist??ncia parasit??ria; Atividade antiprotozo??ria; P. pillulare; CI??NCIAS AGR??RIAS; Concentra????o letal; Fisiologia; Histopatologia; ??leos essenciais; Colossoma macropomum
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Funda????o de Amparo ?? pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM
Piscinoodinium pillulare is an ectoparasite recognized worldwide by large-scale outbreaks in fish farms, and registered in tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, the most produced native fish species in Brazil. The search for natural products as an alternative to synthetic ones for the treatment of fish diseases has grown in recent years, due to their biodegradable properties and less possibility of causing parasite resistance. Given this scenario, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of essential oils (EOs) from Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis and Piper aduncum for the control of P. pillulare in juvenile tambaqui. Firstly, the acute toxicity of the three EOs was evaluated in a completely randomized design (DIC), with six treatments: the control and five concentrations of EOs (A. triphylla 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg L-1, L. gracilis 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mg L-1 and P. aduncum 42.5, 45, 47.5, 50 and 52.5 mg L-1), with three replicates and a 4hour exposure. This procedure aimed to define safe concentrations for application in therapeutic baths, which were also based on literature data, followed by pilot tests. The results showed that the mortality and severity of damage to the tambaqui gills were proportional to the increase in the concentrations of the EOs, with the mean lethal concentration (LC50-4 h) estimated at 109.57 mg L-1 for A. triphylla, at 41.63 mg L-1 for L. gracilis and at 48.17 mg L-1 for P. aduncum. Grade II and grade III histopathologi-cal damage were of low frequency, and the latter, which includes severe and irreversible al-terations, was recorded only in the highest concentrations of P. aduncum EO (47.5, 50.0 and 52.5 mg L-1). Therefore, EO concentrations below the LC50-4 h can be used for short expo-sure periods. This protocol was adopted in the second phase of this study in order to deter-mine the effectiveness of the three EOs in the treatment of P. pillulare in tambaqui after ap-plication of three therapeutic baths of 15 minutes. For this, a DIC with seven treatments and three replications was used: control, EOs of A. triphylla (40 and 50 mg L-1), L. gracilis (20 and 30 mg L-1) and P. aduncum (10 and 20 mg L-1). After treatments with essential oils, P. pillulare was quantified in a sedgewick rafter c??mara using three aliquots of each sample to determine the parasitic indices of prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity, as well as the antiparasitic efficacy. To assess the physiological state of fish, analyzes of hematocrit, erythrocyte counting, hemoglobin, glucose, total proteins, and the activity of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were deter-mined. The effectiveness of EOs in controlling P. pillulare ranged from 63.8 to 83.8%. There was no significant difference between treatments for hematological and biochemical parame-ters, but the infestation by P. pillulare promoted a reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin, in addition to an increase in plasma glucose and total proteins. For enzymatic parameters, there was a reduction in alanine aminotransferase, but there was no impairment of liver func-tion in tambaqui. Therefore, the EOs of A. triphylla, L. gracilis and P. aduncum are good therapeutic alternatives to mitigate the negative impacts caused by the infestation of P. pillu-lare in the tambaqui rearing.
Piscinoodinium pillulare ?? um ectoparasito reconhecido mundialmente pelos surtos provoca-dos em grande escala nas pisciculturas, e com registro em tambaqui, Colossoma macropo-mum, esp??cie nativa mais produzida no Brasil. A busca por produtos naturais como alternati-va aos sint??ticos para o tratamento de doen??as em peixes tem crescido nos ??ltimos anos, de-vido suas propriedades biodegrad??veis e menor possibilidade de causar resist??ncia parasit??-ria. Diante deste cen??rio, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antiparasit??ria dos ??leos essenciais (OEs) de Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis e Piper aduncum para o controle de Piscinoodinium pillulare em juvenis de tambaqui. Primeiramente foi avaliada a toxicida-de aguda dos tr??s OEs, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com seis tratamen-tos: controle e cinco concentra????es dos OEs (A. triphylla 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 mg L-1, L. gracilis 35, 40, 45, 50 e 55 mg L-1 e P. aduncum 42,5, 45, 47,5, 50 e 52,5 mg L-1), tr??s repeti-????es e tempo de exposi????o de 4 horas, visando a defini????o de concentra????es seguras para aplica????o em banhos terap??uticos, sendo estas concentra????es baseadasna literatura, seguido de testes pilotos. Os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade e a severidade dos danos nas br??nquias de tambaqui foram proporcionais ao aumento das concentra????es dos OEs, com a concentra????o letal m??dia (CL50-4 h) estimada em 109, 57 mg L-1 para A. triphylla, em 41,63 mg L-1 para L. gracilis e em 48,17 mg L-1 para P. aduncum. Os danos histopatol??gicos de grau II e de grau III foram de baixa frequ??ncia, e este ??ltimo que inclui as altera????es severas e irrevers??veis foi registrado somente nas maiores concentra????es do OE de P. aduncum (47,5, 50,0 e 52,5 mg L-1). Portanto, concentra????es dos OEs abaixo da CL50-4 h podem ser utiliza-das, em curtos per??odos de exposi????o. Este protocolo foi adotado na segunda etapa deste es-tudo com o objetivo de determinar a efic??cia dos tr??s OEs no tratamento de P. pillulare em tambaqui ap??s aplica????o de tr??s banhos terap??uticos de 15 minutos. Para isso, utilizou-se um DIC com sete tratamentos e tr??s repeti????es: controle, OEs de A. triphylla (40 e 50 mg L-1), L. gracilis (20 e 30 mg L-1) e P. aduncum (10 e 20 mg L-1). Ap??s os tratamentos com os ??leos essenciais, a contagem do P. pillulare foi feita em c??mera de sedgewick rafter utilizando tr??s al??quotas de cada amostra para a determina????o dos ??ndices parasit??rios de preval??ncia, abun-d??ncia m??dia e intensidade m??dia, bem como a efic??cia antiparasit??ria. Para avaliar o estado fisiol??gico dos peixes foram realizadas an??lises de hemat??crito, n??mero de eritr??citos, he-moglobina, glicose, prote??nas totais, bem como a atividade das enzimas aspartato aminos-transferase, alanina aminostransferase e fosfatase alcalina. A efic??cia dos OEs no controle de P. pillulare variou de 63,8 a 83,8%. N??o houve diferen??a significativa entre tratamentos para os par??metros hematol??gicos e bioqu??micos, mas a infesta????o por P. pillulare promoveu re-du????o no hemat??crito e hemoglobina, al??m de aumento na glicose plasm??tica e prote??nas totais. Para os par??metros enzim??ticos, houve redu????o da alanina aminotransferase, mas n??o houve comprometimento da fun????o hep??tica em tambaquis. Portanto, os OEs de A. triphylla, L. gracilis e P. aduncum constituem boas alternativas terap??uticas para mitigar os impactos negativos causados pela infesta????o de P. pillulare na cria????o de tambaquis.
