Qualidade do solo em sistemas agroflorestais na Mata Atl?ntica

• Autor(es): Tavares, Patricia Dias
• Data: 2019
• Origem: Oasisbr
• Assunto(s): Agroecossistemas; Atributos do solo; Recupera??o ambiental; Soil properties; Environmental recovery; Agroecosystems; Agronomia
• Tipo de Documento: Dissertação de mestrado
• Idioma: Português

Descrição

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CAPES

The maintenance of soil quality can be considered as a key aspect for the sustainability of agriculture, and it can be achieved through agricultural practices guided by the principles of ecological processes. In this way, agroforestry systems (SAFs) are considered systems that, over time, provide more stability and resilience to productive areas at a local level, for the environments above and below ground. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil properties starting from the deployment of SAF (SAF- 1 and SAF- 2), comparing it with a native forest (Mata) and annual agricultural area (Agan) in the municipality of Paraty, RJ. The study was conducted at the Quilombo do Campinho da Independ?ncia, located in the district of Paraty-Mirim. Floristic composition and horizontal plant community structure of SAF- 1, SAF- 2 and Mata areas were analyzed, as well as diversity indexes, equitability and similarity of these areas. For soil properties analysis, soil samples were collected in two different seasons, dry and rainy. Chemical characterization of the area was made, as well as the levels of total soil organic carbon (COT) and its oxidizable fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4). Aggregate stability was evaluated by aggregation indexes, mean weighted diameter (DMP) and geometric mean diameter (DMG).The microbial activity in the soil and the contents of carbon and nitrogen from the microbial biomass of the soil was analyzed. The record of the species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (morphological) was done by considering its richness and diversity, in addition to the quantification of protein related to glomalin (PSRG) in the class of aggregates > 2 mm and from the soil. Finally, the abundance and diversity of mesofauna of the soil-litter system and litter was estimated. The changes that happened in the floristic composition of the agroforestry systems (SAF- 1 and SAF- 2) allow the inference that a natural regeneration process is occurring, due to the interaction with other forest areas. The soil pH of the studied areas presents low values, which characterizes them as acids, but the amounts of the remaining nutrients and the high level of the total organic carbon indicates that the adopted management in the SAFs and in the AgAn areas are keeping these characteristics close to the Forest ones. The soils of the analyzed areas showed similar levels of aggregation. The vegetation, the different ways of management and seasonality are influencing the population of FMA. The biological components, FMA, soil mesofauna and microbial biomass were more sensitive to changes in management and to the seasonality than the chemical and physical attributes. The agroforestry management and the one adopted in the agriculture area are not promoting degradation of glomalin, when using as reference the values observed in the Mata. In a general way, the development of SAFs are contributing to the formation of an agroecosystem that integrates the area of agriculture promoting improvements in soil quality and connection to the nearby forests

A manuten??o da qualidade do solo pode ser considerada um aspecto chave para a sustentabilidade da agricultura, podendo ser alcan?ada atrav?s de pr?ticas agr?colas orientadas pelos princ?pios dos processos ecol?gicos. Nesse sentido, os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) s?o considerados sistemas que, ao longo do tempo, fornecem mais estabilidade e resili?ncia ?s ?reas produtivas em n?vel local, para os ambientes acima e abaixo do solo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar atributos do solo a partir da implanta??o de SAF (SAF-1 e SAF-2), comparando com mata nativa (Mata) e ?rea de pr?tica Agr?cola Anual (AgAn) no munic?pio de Paraty, situado no estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). O estudo foi realizado no Quilombo do Campinho da Independ?ncia, localizado no distrito de Paraty-Mirim. Foram analisadas a composi??o flor?stica e estrutura horizontal da comunidade vegetal das ?reas SAF-1, SAF-2 e Mata, bem como os ?ndices de diversidade, equitabilidade e similaridade dessas ?reas. Para as an?lises dos atributos do solo, foram coletadas amostras de terra em duas diferentes ?pocas do ano, seca e chuvosa. Foi feita a caracteriza??o qu?mica das ?reas, bem como dos teores do carbono org?nico total do solo (COT) e suas fra??es oxid?veis (F1, F2, F3 e F4). A estabilidade dos agregados foi avaliada por meio dos ?ndices de agrega??o, di?metro m?dio ponderado (DMP) e di?metro m?dio geom?trico (DMG). Em seguida, foi analisada a atividade microbiana e os teores de carbono e nitrog?nio da biomassa microbiana do solo, e feito o levantamento das esp?cies de fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (morfol?gica) considerando sua riqueza e diversidade, al?m da quantifica??o da prote?na do solo relacionada ? glomalina (PSRG) na classe de agregados >2mm. Por ?ltimo, foi estimada a abund?ncia e diversidade da mesofauna do sistema solo-serrapilheira e da serrapilheira. As altera??es que aconteceram na composi??o flor?stica dos Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF-1 e SAF-2) permitem inferir na ocorr?ncia de um processo de regenera??o natural, ocasionado pela intera??o com as outras ?reas de floresta. O pH do solo das ?reas estudadas apresenta valores baixos, que os caracteriza como ?cidos, por?m os valores dos demais nutrientes e o elevado teor de carbono org?nico total indicam que o manejo adotado nas ?reas de SAFs e AgAn est?o mantendo essas caracter?sticas pr?ximas ao proporcionado pela Mata. Os solos das ?reas analisadas apresentaram n?veis de agrega??o semelhantes; e a cobertura vegetal, as diferentes formas de manejo e a varia??o sazonal est?o influenciando a popula??o de FMA. Foi poss?vel observar tamb?m que os componentes biol?gicos (FMA, mesofauna ed?fica e biomassa microbiana) foram mais sens?veis ?s varia??es de manejo e ? sazonalidade do que os atributos qu?micos e f?sicos. O manejo agroflorestal e o adotado na ?rea de agricultura n?o est?o promovendo degrada??o da glomalina, quando se utiliza como refer?ncia os valores observados na Mata. De modo geral, o desenvolvimento dos SAFs est? contribuindo para a forma??o de um agroecossistema que integra a ?rea de agricultura, promovendo melhorias na qualidade do solo e conex?o com as ?reas florestais pr?ximas.