Description
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NPRP grant from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar foundation)
NCF (Netherlands Computer Facility Foundation)
NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek)
Odo van Vloten Foundation
Over the past two decades, several fungal outbreaks have occurred, including the high-profile 'Vancouver Island' and 'Pacific Northwest' outbreaks, caused by Cryptococcus gattii, which has affected hundreds of otherwise healthy humans and animals. Over the same time period, C. gattii was the cause of several additional case clusters at localities outside of the tropical and subtropical climate zones where the species normally occurs. In every case, the causative agent belongs to a previously rare genotype of C. gattii called AFLP6/VGII, but the origin of the outbreak clades remains enigmatic. Here we used phylogenetic and recombination analyses, based on AFLP and multiple MLST datasets, and coalescence gene genealogy to demonstrate that these outbreaks have arisen from a highly-recombining C. gattii population in the native rainforest of Northern Brazil. Thus the modern virulent C. gattii AFLP6/VGII outbreak lineages derived from mating events in South America and then dispersed to temperate regions where they cause serious infections in humans and animals.
CBS KNAW Fungal Biodivers Ctr, Dept Yeast & Basidiomycete Res, Utrecht, Netherlands
Canisius Wilhelmina Hosp, Dept Med Microbiol & Infect Dis, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Univ Sao Paulo State, Dept Phytopathol, UNESP, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Dept Clin Microbiol & Infect Dis, Jerusalem, Israel
Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham, W Midlands, England
Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Pharmaceut Biotechnol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Ctr Genom Regulat, Barcelona, Spain
UPF Doctor Aiguader, Barcelona, Spain
Netherlands Inst Ecol NIOO KNAW, Ctr Limnol, Wageningen, Netherlands
Ctr Wiskunde & Informat, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Operat Res, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Univ British Columbia, Sch Environm Hlth, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
Inst Nacl Salud, Microbiol Grp, Bogota, Colombia
Fiocruz MS, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Lab Micol, Inst Pesquisa Clin Evandro Chagas, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Univ Sydney, Westmead Hosp, Ctr Infect Dis & Microbiol,Sydney Emerging Dis &, Mol Mycol Res Lab,Westmead Millennium Inst,Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Dept Med Microbiol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands
Second Mil Med Univ, Changzheng Hosp, Shanghai Key Lab Mol Med Mycol, Shanghai, Peoples R China
Univ Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med & Infect Dis, Utrecht, Netherlands
Univ Sao Paulo State, Dept Phytopathol, UNESP, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
NPRP grant from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar foundation)5-298-3-06
