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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets.
Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics
Texas A&M University Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine
Sociedade de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação Ambiental
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Programa Lapa Verde Centro Científico Tropical
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata
Area de Conservación Pacífico Central ACOPAC Programa de Vida Silvestre
Wildlife Conservation Society
Aarhus University
Grupo de Ecología Conservación de Islas A.C. (GECI)
University of California Department of Environment Science Policy & Management
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal
Universidade Federal de Goiás
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
Proyecto Selva de Pino Paraná
Unidos por las Guacamayas A. C.
SELVA: Investigación para la conservación en el Neotrópico
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
University of Brasília
Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres/ICMBio
Universidade Federal do Pará Instituto de Ciências Biológicas
Guyra Paraguay
University of Colorado Department of Integrative Biology
The World Parrot Trust
BirdsCaribbean
Fundacion del Rio
Universitat de Barcelona
Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Venezuela
Universidad de Sancti Spíritus ¨José Martí Pérez¨
Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC
Fundación Pro-Bosque
Compañeros en Vuelo PIF-SV
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras CONICET—Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
University of North Texas Biological Sciences
One Earth Conservation
Instituto Espaço Silvestre
Universidade do Estado do Amazonas
National Aviary Conservation and Field Research
University of Cape Town
Birdlife International
Paso Pacífico
Universidade de Passo Fundo
Biola University
Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA)
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo
Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
AQUASIS
Fundación Botánica y Zoológica de Barranquilla
Provita
CIT Jujuy CONICET—UNJu
Fundación de Ciencias para el Estudio y la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (INCEBIO)
UNESP Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Estación Biología Chamela Instituto de Biología
Vinculación Interdisciplinaria para el Desarrollo Ambiental y lo Social
Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine
Museo Noel Kempff Mercado
Gobierno Autónomo Departamental de Santa Cruz
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP)
University of Freiburg Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology
Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia
Fundação Neotropica do Brasil
CEMAVE: Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para a Conservação das Aves Silvestres
CORBIDI
Asociación Fauna Forever
University of San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Museo de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program
Echo Parrots and People
Cátedra de Ecología General y Recursos Naturales Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche
Fundación para la Investigación y Conservación de los Loros en Bolivia (CLB)
Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA CONICET
Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Depto. de Estudios Ambientales Universidad Simón Bolívar
UNESP Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas: CONICET-PIP 112-201501-0598
Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica: FONCyT-PICT 2015-2281
