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Royal Society International Exchanges
Carlsberg Foundation
Danish Research Council
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
US National Science Foundation
National Parks Board, Singapore
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Synthesys
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Edinburgh Botanic Garden (Sibbald) Trust
M. L. MacIntyre Begonia Trust
Scottish Government's Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division
New Guinea is the world's largest tropical island and has fascinated naturalists for centuries(1,2). Home to some of the best-preserved ecosystems on the planet(3)and to intact ecological gradients-from mangroves to tropical alpine grasslands-that are unmatched in the Asia-Pacific region(4,5), it is a globally recognized centre of biological and cultural diversity(6,7). So far, however, there has been no attempt to critically catalogue the entire vascular plant diversity of New Guinea. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, expert-verified checklist of the vascular plants of mainland New Guinea and surrounding islands. Our publicly available checklist includes 13,634 species (68% endemic), 1,742 genera and 264 families-suggesting that New Guinea is the most floristically diverse island in the world. Expert knowledge is essential for building checklists in the digital era: reliance on online taxonomic resources alone would have inflated species counts by 22%. Species discovery shows no sign of levelling off, and we discuss steps to accelerate botanical research in the 'Last Unknown'(8). A catalogue of the vascular flora of New Guinea indicates that this island is the most floristically diverse in the world, and that 68% of the species identified are endemic to New Guinea.
Royal Bot Gardens, London, England
Nat Biodivers Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands
Univ Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI USA
Univ Gottingen, Dept Systemat Biodivers & Evolut Plants, Albrecht von Haller Inst Plant Sci, Gottingen, Germany
Royal Bot Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
Aarhus Univ, Dept Biosci, Aarhus, Denmark
Univ Vermont, Dept Plant Biol, Pringle Herbarium, Burlington, VT USA
Boise State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boise, ID 83725 USA
Conservatoire & Jardin Bot Ville Geneve, Chambesy, Switzerland
Univ Sydney, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Natl Museum Nat & Sci, Dept Bot, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
New Guinea Binatang Res Ctr, Madang, Papua N Guinea
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Reg & Chinese Acad Sci, Guangxi Key Lab Plant Conservat & Restorat Ecol K, Guangxi Inst Bot, Guilin, Peoples R China
Papua New Guinea Univ Technol, Lae, Papua N Guinea
Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia
Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Tres Lagoas Campus, Tres Lagoas, Brazil
Royal Bot Garden Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Univ Papua, Fak Kehutanan, Manokwari, Indonesia
Baden Penelitian & Pengembangan Daerah Prov Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia
Missouri Bot Garden, St Louis, MO USA
Papua New Guinea Forest Res Inst, Lae, Papua N Guinea
Natl Bot Gardens Ireland, Glasnevin, Ireland
Univ Zurich, Dept Systemat & Evolutionary Bot, Zurich, Switzerland
Forest Res Inst Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia
Nat Hist Museum, Dept Life Sci, London, England
Univ Bonn, Nees Inst Biodivers Plants, Bonn, Germany
Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Biol, Herbarium, Halle, Germany
Natl Pk Board, Nat Plants Ctr, Singapore, Singapore
Natl Pk Board, Singapore Bot Gardens, Singapore, Singapore
Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen, Scotland
Univ Philippines Manila, Coll Arts & Sci, Dept Biol, Manila, Philippines
Kyoto Univ, Kyoto Univ Museum, Kyoto, Japan
Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Biosci, Rio Claro, Brazil
Royal Bot Gardens Victoria, South Yarra, Vic, Australia
Univ Melbourne, Sch BioSci, Parkville, Vic, Australia
Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford, England
Queens Univ Belfast, Marine Lab, Portaferry, North Ireland
Fern Res Fdn, Kerikeri, New Zealand
Univ N Carolina, Wilmington, NC USA
Museum New Zealand Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
Western Michigan Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA
Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Biol Vegetal, Vicosa, MG, Brazil
Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA
Trinity Coll Dublin, Sch Nat Sci, Dept Bot, Dublin, Ireland
Univ Florida, Dept Biol, Gainesville, FL USA
CSIRO Land & Water, Floreat, WA, Australia
Univ Western Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Crawley, WA, Australia
Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Beijing, Peoples R China
Univ Minnesota, Bell Museum, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Univ Glasgow, Inst Biodivers Anim Hlth & Comparat Med, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland
Chinese Acad Sci, Chengdu Inst Biol, Chengdu, Peoples R China
Leiden Univ, Inst Biol Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Univ Zurich, Dept Evolutionary Biol & Environm Studies, Zurich, Switzerland
Sao Paulo State Univ, Inst Biosci, Rio Claro, Brazil
Royal Society International Exchanges: IE 170241
National Natural Science Foundation of China: 31570307
CNPq: 153430/2018-4
US National Science Foundation: DEB-1457366
US National Science Foundation: DEB-1754667
US National Science Foundation: DEB-0515678
US National Science Foundation: DEB-0816749
US National Science Foundation: DEB-0841885
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: LE 1826/3-1
Synthesys: GB-TAF-6305
FAPESP: 2015/13112-7
FAPESP: 2018/09379-6
