Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

• Author(s): Sharma, Rajesh ; Abbasi-kangevari, Mohsen ; Abd-rabu, Rami ; Abidi, Hassan ; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman ; Acuna, Juan Manuel ; Adhikari, Sangeet ; Advani, Shailesh M ; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail ; Aghaie Meybodi, Mohamad ; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku ; Khajuria, Himanshu ; Khalilov, Rovshan ; Khanali, Javad ; Khayamzadeh, Maryam ; Khodadost, Mahmoud ; Kim, Hanna ; Kim, Min Seo ; Kisa, Adnan ; Kisa, Sezer ; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour ; El Sayed, Iman ; Kolahi, Ali-asghar ; Koohestani, Hamid Reza ; Kopec, Jacek A ; Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran ; Koyanagi, Ai ; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj ; Kumar, G Anil ; Kumar, Manoj ; Kumar, Vivek ; La Vecchia, Carlo ; Elhadi, Muhammed ; Alanzi, Turki M ; Lami, Faris Hasan ; Landires, Iván ; Ledda, Caterina ; Lee, Sang-woong ; Lee, Wei-chen ; Lee, Yeong Yeh ; Leong, Elvynna ; Li, Bingyu ; Lim, Stephen S ; Enyew, Daniel Berhanie ; Lobo, Stany W ; Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji ; Loureiro, Joana A ; Lunevicius, Raimundas ; Madadizadeh, Farzan ; Mahmoodpoor, Ata ; Majeed, Azeem ; Malekpour, Mohammad-reza ; Malekzadeh, Reza ; Malik, Ahmad Azam ; Eyayu, Tahir ; Mansour-ghanaei, Fariborz ; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni ; Alimohamadi, Yousef ; Martorell, Miquel ; Masoudi, Sahar ; Mathur, Prashant ; Meena, Jitendra Kumar ; Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar ; Mendoza, Walter ; Mentis, Alexios-fotios A ; Ezzeddini, Rana ; Mestrovic, Tomislav ; Miao Jonasson, Junmei ; Miazgowski, Bartosz ; Alipour, Vahid ; Miazgowski, Tomasz ; Mijena, Gelana Fekadu Worku ; Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq ; Mirza-aghazadeh-attari, Mohammad ; Mirzaei, Hamed ; Misra, Sanjeev ; Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich ; Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin ; Mohammadi, Esmaeil ; Mohammadi, Saeed ; Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh ; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed ; Mohammadian-hafshejani, Abdollah ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman ; Moka, Nagabhishek ; Mokdad, Ali H ; Farooque, Umar ; Mokhtari, Zeinab ; Molokhia, Mariam ; Momtazmanesh, Sara ; Monasta, Lorenzo ; Moradi, Ghobad ; Alkhayyat, Motasem ; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah ; Moraga, Paula ; Morgado-da-costa, Joana ; Mubarik, Sumaira ; Farrokhpour, Hossein ; Mulita, Francesk ; Naghavi, Mohsen ; Naimzada, Mukhammad David ; Nam, Hae Sung ; Natto, Zuhair S ; Nayak, Biswa Prakash ; Almustanyir, Sami ; Nazari, Javad ; Nazemalhosseini-mojarad, Ehsan ; Negoi, Ionut ; Farzadfar, Farshad ; Nguyen, Cuong Tat ; Nguyen, Son Hoang ; Noor, Nurulamin M ; Noori, Maryam ; Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali ; Nuñez-samudio, Virginia ; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe ; Al-raddadi, Rajaa M ; Oancea, Bogdan ; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade ; Fatehizadeh, Ali ; Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru ; Okati-aliabad, Hassan ; Olagunju, Andrew T ; Olagunju, Tinuke O ; Ong, Sokking ; Ostroff, Samuel M ; Padron-monedero, Alicia ; Pakzad, Reza ; Alvand, Saba ; Pana, Adrian ; Ahmad, Sajjad ; Pandey, Anamika ; Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh ; Patel, Urvish K ; Paudel, Uttam ; Pereira, Renato B ; Perumalsamy, Navaraj ; Pestell, Richard G ; Piracha, Zahra Zahid ; Pollok, Richard Charles G ; Alvis-guzman, Nelson ; Fattahi, Hamed ; Pourshams, Akram ; Pourtaheri, Naeimeh ; Prashant, Akila ; Rabiee, Mohammad ; Rabiee, Navid ; Radfar, Amir ; Rafiei, Sima ; Rahman, Mosiur ; Rahmani, Amir Masoud ; Rahmanian, Vahid ; Fattahi, Nima ; Amini, Saeed ; Rajai, Nazanin ; Rajesh, Aashish ; Ramezani-doroh, Vajiheh ; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana ; Ranabhat, Kamal ; Rashedi, Sina ; Rashidi, Amirfarzan ; Rashidi, Mahsa ; Rashidi, Mohammad-mahdi ; Fereidoonnezhad, Masood ; Rastegar, Mandana ; Ancuceanu, Robert ; Rawaf, David Laith ; Rawaf, Salman ; Rawassizadeh, Reza ; Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh ; Renzaho, Andre M N ; Rezaei, Negar ; Rezaei, Nima ; Rezaei, Saeid ; Fernandes, Eduarda ; Rezaeian, Mohsen ; Rezazadeh-khadem, Sahba ; Anoushiravani, Amir ; Roshandel, Gholamreza ; Saber-ayad, Maha Mohamed ; Saberzadeh-ardestani, Bahar ; Saddik, Basema ; Sadeghi, Hossein ; Saeed, Umar ; Sahebazzamani, Maryam ; Fetensa, Getahun ; Sahebkar, Amirhossein ; Salek Farrokhi, Amir ; Salimi, Amir ; Anoushirvani, Ali Arash ; Salimzadeh, Hamideh ; Samadi, Pouria ; Samaei, Mehrnoosh ; Samy, Abdallah M ; Sanabria, Juan ; Santric-milicevic, Milena M ; Filip, Irina ; Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem ; Sarveazad, Arash ; Sathian, Brijesh ; Satpathy, Maheswar ; Ansari-moghaddam, Alireza ; Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola ; Šekerija, Mario ; Sepanlou, Sadaf G ; Seylani, Allen ; Sha, Feng ; Fischer, Florian ; Shafiee, Sayed Mohammad ; Shaghaghi, Zahra ; Shahabi, Saeed ; Shaker, Elaheh ; Sharifian, Maedeh ; Arabloo, Jalal ; Sharifi-rad, Javad ; Sheikhbahaei, Sara ; Shetty, Jeevan K ; Shirkoohi, Reza ; Foroutan, Masoud ; Shobeiri, Parnian ; Siddappa Malleshappa, Sudeep K ; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos ; Silva Julian, Guilherme ; Singh, Achintya Dinesh ; Singh, Jasvinder A ; Aryannejad, Armin ; Siraj, Md Shahjahan ; Sivandzadeh, Gholam Reza ; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich ; Gaal, Peter Andras ; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna ; Socea, Bogdan ; Solmi, Marco ; Soltani-zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh ; Song, Suhang ; Szerencsés, Viktória ; Szócska, Miklós ; Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad ; Tabarés-seisdedos, Rafael ; Tabibian, Elnaz ; Gad, Mohamed M ; Taheri, Majid ; Taheriabkenar, Yasaman ; Taherkhani, Amir ; Talaat, Iman M ; Tan, Ker-kan ; Tbakhi, Abdelghani ; Tesfaye, Bekele ; Tiyuri, Amir ; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin ; Tollosa, Daniel Nigusse ; Ahmadi, Ali ; Touvier, Mathilde ; Tran, Bach Xuan ; Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno ; Ullah, Irfan ; Ullah, Saif ; Vacante, Marco ; Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel ; Veroux, Massimiliano ; Vo, Bay ; Ausloos, Floriane ; Gallus, Silvano ; Vos, Theo ; Wang, Cong ; Westerman, Ronny ; Woldemariam, Melat ; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein ; Yang, Lin ; Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh ; Yu, Chuanhua ; Yuce, Deniz ; Yunusa, Ismaeel ; Garg, Tushar ; Ausloos, Marcel ; Zadnik, Vesna ; Zahir, Mazyar ; Zare, Iman ; Zhang, Zhi-jiang ; Zoladl, Mohammad ; Awedew, Atalel Fentahun ; Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew ; Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu ; Azadnajafabad, Sina ; Getachew, Tamiru ; Azami, Hiva ; Azangou-khyavy, Mohammadreza ; Azari Jafari, Amirhossein ; Badiye, Ashish D ; Bagherieh, Sara ; Bahadory, Saeed ; Baig, Atif Amin ; Baker, Jennifer L ; Banach, Maciej ; Barrow, Amadou ; Ghamari, Seyyed-hadi ; Berhie, Alemshet Yirga ; Besharat, Sima ; Bhagat, Devidas S ; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth ; Bhala, Neeraj ; Bhattacharyya, Krittika ; Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S ; Bibi, Sadia ; Bijani, Ali ; Biondi, Antonio ; Ghashghaee, Ahmad ; Bjørge, Tone ; Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule ; Braithwaite, Dejana ; Brenner, Hermann ; Calina, Daniela ; Cao, Chao ; Cao, Yin ; Carreras, Giulia ; Carvalho, Felix ; Cerin, Ester ; Ghith, Nermin ; Chakinala, Raja Chandra ; Cho, William C S ; Chu, Dinh-toi ; Conde, João ; Costa, Vera Marisa ; Cruz-martins, Natália ; Dadras, Omid ; Dai, Xiaochen ; Dandona, Lalit ; Dandona, Rakhi ; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam ; Danielewicz, Anna ; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen ; Demissie, Getu Debalkie ; Desai, Rupak ; Dhamnetiya, Deepak ; Dianatinasab, Mostafa ; Diaz, Daniel ; Didehdar, Mojtaba ; Doaei, Saeid ; Doan, Linh Phuong ; Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Jamshid ; Dodangeh, Milad ; Eghbalian, Fatemeh ; Ejeta, Debela Debela ; Ekholuenetale, Michael ; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus ; Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat ; Glasbey, James C ; Ahmadi, Sepideh ; Golechha, Mahaveer ; Goleij, Pouya ; Gonfa, Kebebe Bekele ; Gorini, Giuseppe ; Guha, Avirup ; Gupta, Sapna ; Gupta, Veer Bala ; Gupta, Vivek Kumar ; Haddadi, Rasool ; Hafezi-nejad, Nima ; Ahmed, Haroon ; Haj-mirzaian, Arvin ; Halwani, Rabih ; Haque, Shafiul ; Hariri, Sanam ; Hasaballah, Ahmed I ; Hassanipour, Soheil ; Hay, Simon I ; Herteliu, Claudiu ; Holla, Ramesh ; Hosseini, Mohammad-salar ; Ahmed, Luai A ; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi ; Hostiuc, Mihaela ; Househ, Mowafa ; Huang, Junjie ; Humayun, Ayesha ; Iavicoli, Ivo ; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen ; Ilic, Irena M ; Ilic, Milena D ; Islami, Farhad ; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir ; Iwagami, Masao ; Jahani, Mohammad Ali ; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo ; Javaheri, Tahereh ; Jayawardena, Ranil ; Jebai, Rime ; Jha, Ravi Prakash ; Joo, Tamas ; Joseph, Nitin ; Joukar, Farahnaz ; Al Hamad, Hanadi ; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy ; Kabir, Ali ; Kalhor, Rohollah ; Kamath, Ashwin ; Kapoor, Neeti ; Karaye, Ibraheem M ; Karimi, Amirali ; Kauppila, Joonas H ; Kazemi, Asma ; Keykhaei, Mohammad ; Alahdab, Fares ; Khader, Yousef Saleh
• Date: 2022
• Persistent ID: http://hdl.handle.net/10362/136124
• Origin: Repositório Institucional da UNL
• Subject(s): SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being
• Document Type: Journal article
• Language: English
• Contributor(s): NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM); RUN

Description

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. METHODS: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990-2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. FINDINGS: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408-868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00-2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682-537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02-1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3-23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6-28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5-14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6-14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7-320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2-313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9-80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5-73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8-71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0-37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6-34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6-34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age <50 years), particularly in high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries. Globally, a diet low in milk (15·6%), smoking (13·3%), a diet low in calcium (12·9%), and alcohol use (9·9%) were the main contributors to colorectal cancer DALYs in 2019. INTERPRETATION: The increase in incidence rates in people younger than 50 years requires vigilance from researchers, clinicians, and policy makers and a possible reconsideration of screening guidelines. The fast-rising burden in low SDI and middle SDI countries in Asia and Africa calls for colorectal cancer prevention approaches, greater awareness, and cost-effective screening and therapeutic options in these regions. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.