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Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author(s): Ezzati, Majid ; Bentham, James ; Di Cesare, Mariachiara ; Bilano, Ver ; Bixby, Honor ; Zhou, Bin ; Stevens, Gretchen A. ; Riley, Leanne M. ; Taddei, Cristina ; Hajifathalian, Kaveh ; Lu, Yuan ; Savin, Stefan ; Cowan, Melanie J. ; Paciore, Christopher J. ; Chirita-Emandi, Adela ; Hayes, Alison J. ; Katz, Joanne ; Kelishadi, Roya ; Kengne, Andre Pascal ; Khang, Young-Ho ; Laxmaiah, Avula ; Li, Yanping ; Ma, Jun ; Miranda, J. Jaime ; Mostafa, Aya ; Neovius, Martin ; Padez, Cristina ; Rampal, Lekhraj ; Zhu, Aubrianna ; Bennet, James E. ; Danaei, Goodarz ; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. ; Abarca-Gomez, Leandra ; Abdeen, Ziad A. ; Hamid, Zargar Abdul ; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. ; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin ; Acuin, Cecilia ; Adams, Robert J. ; Aekplakorn, Wichai ; Afsana, Kaosar ; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A. ; Agyemng, Charles ; Ahmadvand, Alireza ; Ahrens, Wolfgang ; Ajlouni, Kamel ; Akhtaeva, Nazgul ; Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M. ; Al-Othman, Amani Rashed ; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa ; AlBuhairan, Fadia ; AlDhukai, Shahla ; Ali, Mohamed M. ; Ali, Osman ; Alkerwi, Ala'a ; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar ; Aly, Eman ; Amarapurkar, Deepak N. ; Amouyel, Philippe ; Amuzu, Antoinette ; Andersen, Lars Bo ; Anderssen, Sigmund A. ; Andrade, Dolores S. ; Angquist, Lars H. ; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan ; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer ; Araujo, Joana ; Arianse, Inger ; Aris, Tahir ; Arlappa, Nimmathota ; Arveiler, Dominique ; Aryal, Krishna K. ; Aspelund, Thor ; Assah, Felix K. ; Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F. ; Aung, May Soe ; Avdicova, Maria ; Azevedo, Ana ; Azizi, Fereidoun ; Babu, Bontha V. ; Bahijri, Suhad ; Baker, Jennifer L. ; Balakrishna, Nagalla ; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed ; Banach, Maciej ; Bandosz, Piotr ; Banegas, Jose R. ; Barbagallo, Carlo M. ; Barcelo, Alberto ; Barkat, Amina ; Barros, Aluisio J. D. ; Barros, Mauro V. G. ; Bata, Iqbal ; Batieha, Anwar M. ; Batista, Rosangela L. ; Batyrbek, Assembekov ; Baur, Louise A. ; Beaglehole, Robert ; Ben Romdhane, Habiba ; Benedics, Judith ; Benet, Mikhail ; Bernabe, Antonio ; Bernotiene, Gailute ; Bettiol, Heloisa ; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor ; Bharadwaj, Sumit ; Bhargava, Santosh K. ; Bhatti, Zaid ; Bi, Hongsheng ; Bi, Yufang ; Biehl, Anna ; Bikbov, Mukharram ; Bista, Bihungum ; Bjelica, Dusko J. ; Bjerregaard, Peter ; Bjertnes, Espen ; Bjness, Marius B. ; Bjorkelund, Cecilia ; Blokstra, Anneke ; Bo, Simona ; Bobak, Martin ; Boddy, Lynne M. ; Boehm, Bernhard O. ; Boeing, Heiner ; Boggia, Jose G. ; Boissonnet, Carlos P. ; Bonaccio, Marialaura ; Bongard, Vanina ; Bovet, Pascal ; Braeckevelt, Lien ; Braeckman, Lutgart ; Bragt, Marjolijn C. E. ; Brajkovich, Imperia ; Branca, Francesco ; Breckenkamp, Juergen ; Breda, Joao ; Brenner, Hermann ; Brewster, Lizzy M. ; Brian, Garry R. ; Brinduse, Lacramioara ; Bruno, Graziella ; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B. ; Bugge, Anna ; Buoncristiano, Marta ; Burazeri, Genc ; Burns, Con ; Cabrera de Leon, Antonio ; Cacciottolo, Joseph ; Cai, Hui ; Cama, Tilema ; Cameron, Christine ; Camola, Jose ; Can, Gunay ; Candido, Ana P. C. C. ; Capanzana, Mario ; Capuano, Vincenzo ; Cardoso, Viviane C. ; Carlsson, Axel C. ; Carvalho, Maria J. ; Casanueva, Felipe F. ; Casas, Juan Pablo ; Caserta, Carmelo A. ; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha ; Chan, Angelique W. ; Chan, Queenie ; Chaturvedi, Himanshu K. ; Chaturvedi, Nishi ; Chen, Chien-Jen ; Chen, Fangfang ; Chen, Huashuai ; Chen, Shuohua ; Chen, Zhengming ; Cheng, Ching-Yu ; Chetrit, Angela ; Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina ; Chiolero, Arnaud ; Chiou, Shu-Ti ; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores ; Cho, Belong ; Cho, Yumi ; Christensen, Kaare ; Christofaro, Diego G. [UNESP] ; Chudek, Jerzy ; Cifkova, Renata ; Cinteza, Eliza ; Claessens, Frank ; Clays, Els ; Concin, Hans ; Confortin, Susana C. ; Cooper, Cyrus ; Cooper, Rachel ; Coppinger, Tara C. ; Costanzo, Simona ; Cottel, Dominique ; Cowell, Chris ; Craig, Cora L. ; Crujeiras, Ana B. ; Cucu, Alexandra ; D'Arrigo, Graziella ; d'Orsi, Eleonora ; Dallongeville, Jean ; Damasceno, Albertino ; Damsgaard, Camilla T. ; Danae, Goodarz ; Dankner, Rachel ; Dantoft, Thomas M. ; Dastgiri, Saeed ; Dauchet, Luc ; Davletov, Kairat ; De Backer, Guy ; De Bacquer, Dirk ; De Curtis, Amalia ; Gaetano, Giovanni de ; De Henauw, Stefaan ; Oliveira, Paula Duarte de ; De Ridder, Karin ; De Smedt, Delphine ; Deepa, Mohan ; Deev, Alexander D. ; Dehghan, Abbas ; Delisle, Helene ; Delpeuch, Francis ; Deschamps, Valerie ; Dhana, Klodian ; Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F. ; Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares ; Diaz, Alejandro ; Dika, Zivka ; Djalalinia, Shirin ; Do, Ha T. P. ; Dobson, Annette J. ; Donati, Maria Benedetta ; Donfrancesco, Chiara ; Donoso, Silvana P. ; Doering, Angela ; Dorobantu, Maria ; Dorosty, Ahmad Reza ; Doua, Kouamelan ; Drygas, Wojciech ; Duan, Jia Li ; Duante, Charmaine ; Duleva, Vesselka ; Dulskiene, Virginija ; Dzerve, Vilnis ; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta ; Egbagbe, Eruke E. ; Eggertsen, Robert ; Eiben, Gabriele ; Ekelund, Ulf ; El Ati, Jalila ; Elliott, Paul ; Engle-Stone, Reina ; Erasmus, Rajiv T. ; Erem, Cihangir ; Eriksen, Louise ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Escobedo, Jorge ; Evans, Alun ; Faeh, David ; Fall, Caroline H. ; Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia ; Farzadfar, Farshad ; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J. ; Ferguson, Trevor S. ; Fernandes, Romulo A. [UNESP] ; Fernandez-Berges, Daniel ; Ferrante, Daniel ; Ferrari, Marika ; Ferreccio, Catterina ; Ferrieres, Jean ; Finn, Joseph D. ; Fischer, Krista ; Monterubio Flores, Eric ; Foeger, Bernhard ; Foo, Leng Huat ; Forslund, Ann-Sofie ; Forsner, Maria ; Fouad, Heba M. ; Francis, Damian K. ; Franco, Maria do Carmo ; Franco, Oscar H. ; Frontera, Guillermo ; Fuchs, Flavio D. ; Fuch, Sandra C. ; Fujita, Yuki ; Furusawa, Takuro ; Gaciong, Zbigniew ; Gafencu, Mihai ; Galeone, Daniela ; Galvano, Fabio ; Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli ; Gareta, Dickman ; Garnett, Sarah P. ; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel ; Gasull, Magda ; Gates, Louise ; Geiger, Harald ; Geleijnse, Johanna M. ; Ghasemian, Anoosheh ; Giampaoli, Simona ; Gianfagna, Francesco ; Gill, Tiffany K. ; Giovannelli, Jonathan ; Giwerman, Aleksander ; Godos, Justyna ; Gogen, Sibel ; Goldsmith, Rebecca A. ; Goltzman, David ; Goncalves, Helen ; Gonzalez-Leon, Margot ; Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P. ; Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela ; Gottrand, Frederic ; Graca, Antonio Pedro ; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel ; Grafnetter, Dusan ; Grajda, Aneta ; Grammatikopoulou, Maria G. ; Gregor, Ronald D. ; Grodzicki, Tomasz ; Grontved, Anders ; Grosso, Giuseppe ; Gruden, Gabriella ; Grujic, Vera ; Gu, Dongfeng ; Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela ; Guallar-Castillon, Pilar ; Guan, Ong Peng ; Gudmundsson, Elias F. ; Gudnason, Vilmundur ; Guerrero, Ramiro ; Guessous, Idris ; Guimaraes, Andre L. ; Gulliford, Martin C. ; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna ; Gunter, Marc ; Guo, Xiuhua ; Guo, Yin ; Gupta, Prakash C. ; Gupta, Rajeev ; Gureje, Oye ; Gurzkowska, Beata ; Gutierrez, Laura ; Gutzwiller, Felix ; Hadaegh, Farzad ; Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A. ; Si-Ramlee, Khairil ; Halkjaer, Jytte ; Hambleton, Ian R. ; Hardy, Rebecca ; Kumar, Rachakulla Hari ; Hassapidou, Maria ; Hata, Jun ; He, Jiang ; Heidinger-Felso, Regina ; Heinen, Mirjam ; Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth ; Henriques, Ana ; Cadena, Leticia Hernandez ; Herrala, Sauli ; Herrera, Victor M. ; Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle ; Heshmat, Ramin ; Hihtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani ; Ho, Sai Yin ; Ho, Suzanne C. ; Hobbs, Michael ; Hofman, Albert ; Hopman, Wilma M. ; Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R. ; Hormiga, Claudia M. ; Horta, Bernardo L. ; Houti, Leila ; Howitt, Christina ; Htay, Thein Thein ; Htet, Aung Soe ; Htike, Maung Maung Than ; Hu, Yonghua ; Huerta, Jose Maria ; Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac ; Huisman, Martijn ; Husseini, Abdullatif ; Chinh Nguyen Huu ; Huybrechts, Inge ; Hwalla, Nahla ; Hyska, Jolanda ; Iacoviello, Licia ; Iannone, Anna G. ; Ibarluzea, Jesus M. ; Ibrahim, Mohsen M. ; Ikeda, Nayu ; Ikram, M. Arfan ; Irazola, Vilma E. ; Islam, Muhammad ; Ismail, Aziz al-Safi ; Ivkovic, Vanja ; Iwasaki, Masanori ; Jackson, Rod T. ; Jacobs, Jeremy M. ; Jaddou, Hashem ; Jafar, Tazeen ; Jamil, Kazi M. ; Jamrozik, Konrad ; Janszky, Imre ; Jarani, Juel ; Jasienska, Grazyna ; Jelakovic, Ana ; Jelakovic, Bojan ; Jennings, Garry ; Jeong, Seung-Lyeal ; Jiang, Chao Qiang ; Magaly Jimenez-Acosta, Santa ; Joffres, Michel ; Johansson, Mattias ; Jonas, Jost B. ; Jorgensen, Torben ; Joshi, Pradeep ; Jovic, Dragana P. ; Jozwiak, Jacek ; Juolevi, Anne ; Jurak, Gregor ; Juresa, Vesna ; Kaaks, Rudolf ; Kafatos, Anthony ; Kajantie, Eero O. ; Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra ; Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi ; Kapantais, Efthymios ; Karki, Khem B. ; Kasaeian, Amir ; Kauhanen, Jussi ; Kaur, Prabhdeep ; Kavousi, Maryam ; Kazakbaeva, Gyulli ; Keil, Ulrich ; Boker, Lital Keinan ; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka ; Kelleher, Cecily ; Kemper, Han C. G. ; Kengne, Andre P. ; Kerimkulova, Alina ; Kersting, Mathilde ; Key, Timothy ; Khader, Ousef Saleh ; Khalili, Davood ; Khateeb, Mohammad ; Khaw, Kay-Tee ; Khouw, Ilse M. S. L. ; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula ; Kiech, Stefan ; Killewo, Japhet ; Kim, Jeongseon ; Kim, Yeon-Yong ; Klimont, Jeannette ; Klumbiene, Jurate ; Knoflach, Michael ; Koirala, Bhawesh ; Kolle, Elin ; Kolsteren, Patrick ; Korrovits, Paul ; Kos, Jelena ; Koskinen, Seppo ; Kouda, Katsuyasu ; Kovacs, Viktoria A. ; Kowlessur, Sudhir ; Koziel, Slawomir ; Kratzer, Wolfgang ; Kriemler, Susi ; Kristensen, Peter Lund ; Krokstad, Steinar ; Kromhout, Daan ; Kruger, Herculina S. ; Kubinova, Ruzena ; Kuciene, Renata ; Kuh, Diana ; Kujala, Urho M. ; Kulaga, Zbigniew ; Kumar, R. Krishna ; Kunesova, Marie ; Kurjata, Pawel ; Kusuma, Yadlapalli S. ; Kuulasmaa, Kari ; Kyobutungi, Catherine ; Quang Ngoc La ; Laamiri, Fatima Zahra ; Laatikainen, Tina ; Lachat, Carl ; Laid, Youcef ; Lam, Tai Hing ; Landrove, Orlando ; Lanska, Vera ; Lappas, Georg ; Larijani, Bagher ; Laugsand, Lars E. ; Lauria, Laura ; Khanh Le Nguyen Bao ; Tuyen D Le ; Lebanan, May Antonnette O. ; Leclercq, Catherine ; Lee, Jeannette ; Lee, Jeonghee ; Lehtimaki, Terho ; Leon-Munoz, Luz M. ; Levitt, Naomi S. ; Lilly, Christa L. ; Lim, Wei-Yen ; Fernanda Lima-Costa, M. ; Lin, Hsien-Ho ; Lin, Xu ; Lind, Lars ; Linneberg, Allan ; Lissner, Lauren ; Litwin, Mieczyslaw ; Liu, Jing ; Loit, Helle-Mai ; Lopes, Luis ; Lorbeer, Roberto ; Lotufo, Paulo A. ; Eugenio Lozano, Jose ; Luksiene, Dalia ; Lundqvist, Annamari ; Lunet, Nuno ; Lytsy, Per ; Ma, Guansheng ; Machado-Coelho, George L. L. ; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M. ; Machi, Suka ; Maggi, Stefania ; Magliano, Dianna J. ; Magriplis, Emmanuella ; Mahaletchumy, Alagappan ; Maire, Bernard ; Majer, Marjeta ; Makdisse, Marcia ; Malekzadeh, Reza ; Malhotra, Rahul ; Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna ; Malyutina, Sofia ; Manios, Yannis ; Mann, Jim I. ; Manzato, Enzo ; Margozzini, Paula ; Markaki, Anastasia ; Markey, Oonagh ; Marques, Larissa P. ; Marques-Vidal, Pedro ; Marrugat, Jaume ; Martin-Prevel, Yves ; Martin, Rosemarie ; Martorell, Reynaldo ; Martos, Eva ; Marventano, Stefano ; Masoodi, Shariq R. ; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. ; Matijasevich, Alicia ; Matsha, Tandi E. ; Mazur, Artur ; Mbanya, Jean Claude N. ; McFarlane, Shelly R. ; McGarvey, Stephen T. ; McKee, Martin ; McLac, Stela ; McLean, Rachael M. ; McLean, Scott B. ; McNulty, Breige A. ; Yusof, Safiah Md ; Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia ; Medzioniene, Jurate ; Meirhaeghe, Aline ; Meisfjord, Jorgen ; Meisinger, Christa ; Menezes, Ana Maria B. ; Menon, Geetha R. ; Mensink, Gert B. M. ; Meshram, Indrapal I. ; Metspalu, Andres ; Meyer, Haakon E. ; Mi, Jie ; Michaelsen, Kim F. ; Michels, Nathalie ; Mikkel, Kairit ; Miller, Jody C. ; Minderico, Claudia S. ; Miquel, Juan Francisco ; Mirkopoulou, Daphne ; Mirrakhimov, Erkin ; Misigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta ; Mistretta, Antonio ; Mocanu, Veronica ; Modesti, Pietro A. ; Mohamed, Mostafa K. ; Mohammad, Kazem ; Mohammadifard, Noushin ; Mohan, Viswanathan ; Mohanna, Salim ; Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd ; Molbo, Drude ; Mollehave, Line T. ; Moller, Niels C. ; Molnar, Denes ; Momenan, Amirabbas ; Mondo, Charles K. ; Monterrubio, Eric A. ; Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K. ; Moon, Jin Soo ; Moreira, Leila B. ; Morejo, Alain ; Moreno, Luis A. ; Morgan, Karen ; Mortensen, Erik Lykke ; Moschonis, George ; Mossakowska, Malgorzata ; Mota, Jorge ; Mota-Pinto, Anabela ; Motlag, Mohammad Esmaeel ; Motta, Jorge ; Mu, Thet Thet ; Muc, Magdalena ; Muiesan, Maria Lorenza ; Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Murphy, Neil ; Mursu, Jaakko ; Murtagh, Elaine M. ; Musil, Vera ; Nabipour, Iraj ; Nagel, Gabriele ; Naidu, Balkish M. ; Nakamura, Harunobu ; Namesna, Jana ; Nang, Ei Ei K. ; Nangia, Vinay B. ; Nankap, Martin ; Narake, Sameer ; Nardone, Paola ; Navarrete-Munoz, Eva Maria ; Neal, William A. ; Nenko, Ilona ; Nervi, Flavio ; Nguyen, Chung T. ; Nguyen, Nguyen D. ; Quang Ngoc Nguye ; Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E. ; Ning, Guang ; Ninomiya, Toshiharu ; Nishtar, Sania ; Noale, Marianna ; Noboa, Oscar A. ; Norat, Teresa ; Norie, Sawada ; Noto, Davide ; Al Nsour, Mohannad ; O'Reilly, Dermot ; Obreja, Galina ; Oda, Eiji ; Oehlers, Glenn ; Oh, Kyungwon ; Ohara, Kumiko ; Olafsson, Orn ; Anselmo Olinto, Maria Teresa ; Oliveira, Isabel O. ; Oltarzewski, Maciej ; Omar, Mohd Azahadi ; Onat, Altan ; Ong, Sok King ; Ono, Lariane M. ; Ordunez, Pedro ; Ornelas, Rui ; Ortiz, Ana P. ; Osler, Merete ; Osmond, Clive ; Ostojic, Sergej M. ; Ostovar, Afshin ; Otero, Johanna A. ; Overvad, Kim ; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis ; Paccaud, Fred Michel ; Pahomova, Elena ; Pajak, Andrzej ; Palli, Domenico ; Palloni, Alberto ; Palmieri, Luigi ; Pan, Wen-Harn ; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra ; Pandey, Arvind ; Panza, Francesco ; Papandreou, Dimitrios ; Park, Soon-Woo ; Parnell, Winsome R. ; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh ; Pascanu, Ionela M. ; Patel, Nikhil D. ; Pecin, Ivan ; Pednekar, Mangesh S. ; Peer, Nasheeta ; Peeters, Petra H. ; Peixoto, Sergio Viana ; Peltonen, Markku ; Pereira, Alexandre C. ; Perez-Farinos, Napoleon ; Perez, Cynthia M. ; Peters, Annette ; Petkeviciene, Janina ; Petrauskiene, Ausra ; Peykari, Niloofar ; Son Thai Pham ; Pierannunzio, Daniela ; Pigeo, Iris ; Pikhart, Hynek ; Pilav, Aida ; Pilotto, Lorenza ; Pistelli, Francesco ; Pitakaka, Freda ; Piwonska, Aleksandra ; Plans-Rubio, Pedro ; Poh, Bee Koon ; Pohlabeln, Hermann ; Pop, Raluca M. ; Popovic, Stevo R. ; Porta, Miquel ; Portegies, Marileen L. P. ; Posch, Georg ; Poulimeneas, Dimitrios ; Pouraram, Hamed ; Pourshams, Akram ; Poustchi, Hossein ; Pradeepa, Rajendra ; Prashant, Mathur ; Price, Jacqueline F. ; Puder, Jardena J. ; Pudule, Iveta ; Puiu, Maria ; Punab, Margus ; Qasrawi, Radwan F. ; Qorbani, Mostafa ; Tran Quoc Bao ; Radic, Ivana ; Radisauskas, Ricardas ; Rahman, Mahfuzar ; Rahman, Mahmudur ; Raitakari, Olli ; Raj, Manu ; Rao, Sudha Ramachandra ; Ramachandran, Ambady ; Ramke, Jacqueline ; Ramos, Elisabete ; Ramos, Rafel ; Rampal, Sanjay ; Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A. ; Redon, Josep ; Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M. ; Ribas-Barba, Lourdes ; Ribeiro, Robespierre ; Riboli, Elio ; Rigo, Fernando ; Wit, Tobias F. Rinke de ; Rito, Ana ; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M. ; Rivera, Juan A. ; Robinson, Sian M. ; Robitaille, Cynthia ; Rodrigues, Daniela ; Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando ; del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Maria ; Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura A. ; Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba ; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa ; Romaguera, Dora ; Ronkainen, Kimmo ; Rosengren, Annika ; Rouse, Ian ; Roy, Joel G. R. ; Rubinstein, Adolfo ; Ruhli, Frank J. ; Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra ; Russo, Paola ; Rutkowski, Marcin ; Sabanayagam, Charumathi ; Sachdev, Harshpal S. ; Saidi, Olfa ; Salanave, Benoit ; Martinez, Eduardo Salazar ; Salmeron, Diego ; Salomaa, Veikko ; Salonen, Jukka T. ; Salvetti, Massimo ; Sanchez-Abanto, Jose ; Sandjaja ; Sans, Susana ; Marina, Loreto Santa ; Santos, Diana A. ; Santos, Ina S. ; Santos, Osvaldo ; Santos, Renata Nunes dos ; Santos, Rute ; Saramies, Jouko L. ; Sardinha, Luis B. ; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal ; Saum, Kai-Uwe ; Savva, Savvas ; Savy, Mathilde ; Scazufca, Marcia ; Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath ; Schargrodsky, Herman ; Schienkiewitz, Anja ; Schipf, Sabine ; Schmidt, Carsten O. ; Schmidt, Ida Maria ; Schultsz, Constance ; Schutte, Aletta E. ; Sein, Aye Aye ; Sen, Abhijit ; Senbanjo, Idowu O. ; Sepanlou, Sadaf G. ; Serra-Majem, Luis ; Shalnova, Svetlana A. ; Sharma, Sanjib K. ; Shaw, Jonathan E. ; Shibuya, Kenji ; Shin, Dong Wook ; Shin, Youchan ; Shiri, Rahman ; Siani, Alfonso ; Siantar, Rosalynn ; Sibai, Abla M. ; Silva, Antonio M. ; Santos Silva, Diego Augusto ; Simon, Mary ; Simons, Judith ; Simons, Leon A. ; Sjoberg, Agneta ; Sjostrom, Michael ; Skovbjerg, Sine ; Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta ; Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw ; Smeeth, Liam ; Smith, Margaret C. ; Snijder, Marieke B. ; So, Hung-Kwan ; Sobngwi, Eugene ; Soderberg, Stefan ; Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E. ; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo ; Sonestedt, Emily ; Song, Yi ; Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. ; Soric, Maroje ; Jerome, Charles Sossa ; Soumare, Aicha ; Spinelli, Angela ; Spiroski, Igor ; Staessen, Jan A. ; Stamm, Hanspeter ; Starc, Gregor ; Stathopoulou, Maria G. ; Staub, Kaspar ; Stavreski, Bill ; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein ; Stehle, Peter ; Stein, Aryeh D. ; Stergiou, George S. ; Stessman, Jochanan ; Stieber, Jutta ; Stockl, Doris ; Stocks, Tanja ; Stokwisze, Jakub ; Stratton, Gareth ; Stronks, Karien ; Strufaldi, Maria Wany ; Suarez-Medina, Ramon ; Sun, Chien-An ; Sundstrom, Johan ; Sung, Yn-Tz ; Sunyer, Jordi ; Suriyawongpaisa, Paibul ; Swinburn, Boyd A. ; Sy, Rody G. ; Szponar, Lucjan ; Tai, E. Shyong ; Tammesoo, Mari-Liis ; Tamosiunas, Abdonas ; Tan, Eng Joo ; Tang, Xun ; Tanser, Frank ; Tao, Yong ; Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul ; Tarp, Jakob ; Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B. ; Tautu, Oana-Florentina ; Braunerova, Radka Taxova ; Taylor, Anne ; Tchibindat, Felicite ; Theobald, Holger ; Theodoridis, Xenophon ; Thijs, Lutgarde ; Thuesen, Betina H. ; Tjonneland, Anne ; Tolonen, Hanna K. ; Tolstrup, Janne S. ; Topbas, Murat ; Topor-Madry, Roman ; Tormo, Maria Jose ; Tornaritis, Michael J. ; Torrent, Maties ; Toselli, Stefania ; Traissac, Pierre ; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios ; Trichopoulou, Antonia ; Trinh, Oanh T. H. ; Trivedi, Atul ; Tshepo, Lechaba ; Tsigga, Maria ; Tsugane, Shoichiro ; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K. ; Tullu, Fikru ; Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka ; Tuomilehto, Jaakko ; Turley, Maria L. ; Tynelius, Per ; Tzotzas, Themistoklis ; Tzourio, Christophe ; Ueda, Peter ; Ugel, Eunice E. ; Ukoli, Flora A. M. ; Ulmer, Hanno ; Unal, Belgin ; Uusitalo, Hannu M. T. ; Valdivia, Gonzalo ; Vale, Susana ; Valvi, Damaskini ; van der Schouw, Yvonne T. ; Van Herck, Koen ; Hoang Van Minh ; van Rossem, Lenie ; Van Schoor, Natasja M. ; van Valkengoed, Irene G. M. ; Vanderschueren, Dirk ; Vanuzzo, Diego ; Vatten, Lars ; Vega, Tomas ; Veidebaum, Toomas ; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo ; Velika, Biruta ; Veronesi, Giovanni ; Verschuren, W. M. Monique ; Victora, Cesar G. ; Viegi, Giovanni ; Viet, Lucie ; Viikari-Juntura, Eira ; Vineis, Paolo ; Vioque, Jesus ; Virtanen, Jyrki K. ; Visvikis-Siest, Sophie ; Viswanathan, Bharathi ; Vlasoff, Tiina ; Vollenweider, Peter ; Voelzke, Henry ; Voutilainen, Sari ; Vrijheid, Martine ; Wade, Alisha N. ; Wagner, Aline ; Waldhor, Thomas ; Walton, Janette ; Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan ; Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan ; Wanderley, Rildo S. ; Wang, Ming-Dong ; Wan, Qian ; Wang, Ya Xing ; Wannamethee, S. Goya ; Wareham, Nicholas ; Weber, Adelheid ; Wedderkopp, Niels ; Weerasekera, Deepa ; Whincup, Peter H. ; Widhalm, Kurt ; Widyahening, Indah S. ; Wiecek, Andrzej ; Wijga, Alet H. ; Wilks, Rainford J. ; Willeit, Johann ; Willeit, Peter ; Wilsgaard, Tom ; Wojtyniak, Bogdan ; Wong-McClure, Roy A. ; Wong, Justin Y. Y. ; Wong, Jyh Eiin ; Wong, Tien Yin ; Woo, Jean ; Woodward, Mark ; Wu, Frederick C. ; Wu, Jianfeng ; Wu, Shouling ; Xu, Haiquan ; Xu, Liang ; Yamborisut, Uruwan ; Yan, Weili ; Yang, Xiaoguang ; Yardim, Nazan ; Ye, Xingwang ; Yiallouros, Panayiotis K. ; Yngve, Agneta ; Yoshihara, Akihiro ; You, Qi Sheng ; Younger-Coleman, Novie O. ; Yusoff, Faudzi ; Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli M. ; Zaccagni, Luciana ; Zafiropulos, Vassilis ; Zainuddin, Ahmad A. ; Zambon, Sabina ; Zampelas, Antonis ; Zamrazilova, Hana ; Zdrojewski, Tomasz ; Zeng, Yi ; Zhao, Dong ; Zhao, Wenhua ; Zheng, Wei ; Zheng, Yingfeng ; Zholdin, Bekbolat ; Zhou, Maigeng ; Zhu, Dan ; Zhussupov, Baurzhan ; Zimmermann, Esther ; Cisneros, Julio Zuniga ; NCD-RisC

Date: 2018

Persistent ID: http://hdl.handle.net/11449/164793

Origin: Oasisbr


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Wellcome Trust

AstraZeneca

Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128.9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31.5 million aged 5-19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (-0.01 kg/m (2) per decade; 95% credible interval -0.42 to 0.39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease= 0.5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1.00 kg/m(2) per decade (0.69-1.35, PP> 0.9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0.95 kg/m (2) per decade (0.64-1.25, PP> 0.9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0.09 kg/m(2) per decade (-0.33 to 0.49, PP= 0.6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0.77 kg/m (2) per decade (0.50-1.06, PP> 0.9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0.7% (0.4-1.2) in 1975 to 5.6% (4.8-6.5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0.9% (0.5-1.3) in 1975 to 7.8% (6.7-9.1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9.2% (6.0-12.9) in 1975 to 8.4% (6.8-10.1) in 2016 in girls and from 14.8% (10.4-19.5) in 1975 to 12.4% (10.3-14.5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22.7% (16.7-29.6) among girls and 30.7% (23.5-38.0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44-117) million girls and 117 (70-178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24-89) million girls and 74 (39-125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults.

Imperial Coll London, Sch Publ Hlth, London W2 1PG, England

Univ Kent, Canterbury, Kent, England

Imperial College London, London, England

Middlesex Univ, London, England

WHO, Geneva, Switzerland

Cleveland Clin, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA

Yale Univ, New Haven, CT 06520 USA

Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA

Victor Babes Univ Med & Pharm Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

Isfahan Univ Med Sci, Esfahan, Iran

South African Med Res Council, Cape Town, South Africa

Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea

Natl Inst Nutr, Secunderabad, India

Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA

Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China

Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt

Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden

Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

Univ Putra Malasia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia

Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

Aga Khan Univ, Karachi, Pakistan

Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica

Al Quds Univ, Jerusalem, Palestine

Ctr Diabet & Endocrine Care, Bengaluru, India

Birzeit Univ, Birzeit, Palestine

Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico

Int Rice Res Inst, Los Banos, Philippines

Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Mahidol Univ, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

BARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, DF, Mexico

Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Noncommun Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran

Leibniz Inst Prevent Res & Epidemiol BIPS, Leipzig, Germany

Natl Ctr Diabet Endocrinol, Amman, Jordan

Kazakh Natl Med Univ, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan

King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Kuwait, Kuwait

Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

King Abdullah Int Med Res Ctr, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Univ Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

ISGlobal Ctr Res Environm Epidemol, Barcelona, Spain

WHO, Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt

Bombay Hosp & Med Res Ctr, Bombay, Maharashtra, India

Lille Univ & Hosp, Lille, France

London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England

Western Norway Univ App Sci, Bergen, Norway

Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, Oslo, Norway

Univ Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador

Bispebjerg Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark

Frederiksberg Univ Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark

Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Tunis, Tunisia

Univ Porto, Oporto, Portugal

Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway

Minist Hlth Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia

Natl Inst Nutr, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Strasbourg Univ Hosp, Strasbourg, France

Nepal Hlth Res Council, Kathmandu, Nepal

Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Univ Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon

Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

Univ Med, Yangon, Myanmar

Univ Porto, Med Sch, Oporto, Portugal

Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran

Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India

King Abdulaziz Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Univ Sci & Technol, Taizi, Yemen

Med Univ Lodz, Lodz, Poland

Med Univ Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Univ Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA

Mohammed V Univ Rabat, Rabat, Morocco

Univ Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil

Dalhousie Univ, Calgary, AB, Canada

Jordan Univ Technol, Amman, Jordan

Univ Fed Maranhao, Sao Luis, Brazil

Univ Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Univ Tunis El Manar, El Manar, Tunisia

Fed Minist Hlth & Womens Affairs, Vienna, Austria

CAFAM Univ Fdn, Bogota, Colombia

Imperial Coll London, London, England

Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania

Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

BJ Med Coll, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Chirayu Med Coll, Bhopal, India

Sunder Lal Jain Hosp, Delhi, India

Shandong Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China

Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China

Norwegian Inst Publ, Oslo, Norway

Ufa Eye Res Inst, Moscow, Russia

Univ Montenegro, Montenegro, Mexico

Univ Southern Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Univ Turin, Turin, Italy

UCL, London, England

Liverpool John Moores Univ, Liverpool, Merseyside, England

Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore

German Inst Human Nutr, Hamburg, Germany

Univ Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay

CEMIC, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Naples, Italy

Toulouse Univ, Sch Med, Toulouse, France

Univ Lausanne, Minist Hlth, Lausanne, Switzerland

Flemish Agcy Care & Hlth, Brussels, Belgium

Univ Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands

Univ Cent Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

Bielefeld Univ, Bielefeld, Germany

WHO, Reg Off Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

German Canc Res Ctr, Heidelberg, Germany

Fred Hollows Fdn New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand

Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Bucharest, Romania

Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Amersroot, Netherlands

Univ Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

Inst Publ Hlth, Tirana, Albania

Cork Inst Technol, Cork, Ireland

Univ La Laguna, San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain

Univ Malta, Msida, Malta

Vanderbilt Univ, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA

Minist Hlth, Pangai, Tonga

Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Res Inst, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Hosp Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey

Univ Fed Juiz de Fora, Juiz De Fora, Portugal

Food & Nutr Res Inst, Manila, Philippines

Santiago de Compostela Univ, Santiago De Compostela, Spain

Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Perugia, Italy

India Diabet Res Fdn, Delhi, India

Duke NUS Med Sch, Singapore, Singapore

Natl Inst Med Stat, New Delhi, India

Acad Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Capital Inst Pediat, Beijing, Peoples R China

Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27706 USA

Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Peoples R China

Univ Oxford, Oxford, England

Duke NUS MEd Sch, Singapore, Singapore

Gertner Inst Epidemiol & Hlth Policy Res, Tel Aviv, Israel

Natl Ctr Publ Hlth & Anal, Sofia, Bulgaria

Univ Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Minist Hlth & Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan

Murcia Reg Hlth Council, Murcia, Spain

Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea

Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Seoul, South Korea

Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Med Univ Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Charles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Katholieke Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Agcy Prevent & Social Med, Vienna, Austria

Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil

Univ Southampton, Southampton, Hants, England

Inst Pasteur, Lille, France

CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain

Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Bucharest, Romania

Natl Council Res, Rome, Italy

Univ Fed Santa Catarin, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil

Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Maputo, Mozambique

Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Res Ctr Prevent & Hlth, Glostrup, Denmark

Tabriz Hlth Serv Managemnet Ctr, Tabriz, Iran

Lille Univ Hosp, Lille, France

Sci Inst Publ Hlth, Brussels, Belgium

Madaras Diabet Res Fdn, Chennai, India

Natl Res Ctr Prevent Med, Moscow, Russia

Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada

Inst Rech Dev, Montpellier, France

French Publ Hlth Agcy, St Maurice, France

Univ Vale Rio Sino, Sao Leopoldo, Brazil

Natl Council Sci & Tech Res, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

Univ Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran

Natl Inst Nutr, Hanoi, Vietnam

Univ Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia

Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy

Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany

Minist Sante & Lutte Contre Sida, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire

Cardinal Wyszynski Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland

Beijing Ctr Dis Prevent & Control, Beijing, Peoples R China

Univ Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Univ Benin, Benin, Nigeria

Univ Skovde, Skovde, Sweden

Natl Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Tunis, Tunisia

Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA

Univ Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey

Univ Southern Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Natl Inst Hlth & Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland

Univ Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Primary Health Care, Floriana, Malta

Ctr Salud Villanueva Norte, Villanueva De La Serena, Spain

Univ West Indies, Mona, Jamaica

Hosp Don Benito Villanueva de la Serena, Villanueva De La Serena, Spain

Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

Council Agr Res & Econ, Rome, Italy

Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile

Univ Toulouse, Sch Med, Toulouse, France

Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England

Univ Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Univ Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia

Umea Univ, Umea, Sweden

Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden

Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Hosp Univ Son Espases, Palma De Mallorca, Spain

Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil

Kindai Univ, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan

Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan

Med Univ Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Minist Hlth, Rome, Italy

Univ Catania, Catania, Italy

CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Barcelona, Spain

Univ KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa

Geneva Univ Hosp, Geneva, Switzerland

Australian Bur Stat, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Agcy Prevent & Social Med, Innsbruck, Austria

Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, Netherlands

Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran

Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy

Lund Univ, Lund, Sweden

Minist Hlth, Ankara, Turkey

Minist Hlth, Jerusalem, Israel

McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada

Andes Clin Cardiometab Studies, Timotes, Venezuela

Univ Politecn Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Univ Lille 2, Lille, France

Minist Hlth, Lisbon, Portugal

Inst Clin & Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic

Childrens Mem Hlth Inst, Warsaw, Poland

Alexander Technol Educ Inst, Sindos, Greece

Dalhousie Univ, Halifax, NS, Canada

Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Krakow, Poland

Univ Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Azienda Osped Univ Policlin Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy

Univ Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

Natl Ctr Cardiovasc Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China

Univ Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore

Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland

Univ Icesi, Cali, Colombia

Univ Estadual Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil

Kings Coll London, London, England

Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France

Capital Med Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China

Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Navi Mumbai, India

Eternal Heart Care Ctr Res Inst, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Univ Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Childrens Memorial Hlth Inst, Warsaw, Poland

Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

Res & Educ Inst Child Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus

Minist Hlth, Seri Begawan, Brunei

Danish Canc Soc, Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark

Univ West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados

Alexander Technol Educ Inst Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece

Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka, Japan

Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA

Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary

Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Oulu Univ Hosp, SF-90100 Oulu, Finland

Univ Autonoma Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia

Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland

Chron Diseases Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran

Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China

Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China

Univ Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

Kingston Gen Hosp, Kingston, ON, Canada

Heart Inst, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Floridablanca, Colombia

Univ Oran 1, Oran, Algeria

Minist Hlth, Naypyitaw, Myanmar

Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Amer Univ Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

IRCCS Ist Neurol Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy

Cardiol Mercato S Severino, Mercato San Severino, Italy

Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt

Natl Inst Hlth & Nutr, Tokyo, Japan

UHC Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan

Hadassah Univ, Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel

Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Irbid, Jordan

Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway

Sports Univ Tirana, Tirana, Albania

Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb, Croatia

Heart Fdn, Fortitude Valley, Australia

Natl Hlth Insurance Serv, Seoul, South Korea

Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China

Natl Inst Hyg Epidemiol & Microbiol, Havana, Cuba

Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany

World Hlth Org Country Off, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

Inst Publ Hlth Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

Czestochowa Tech Univ, Czestochowa, Poland

Univ Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Univ Crete, Rethimnon, Greece

Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Hellen Med Assoc Obes, Athens, Greece

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA

Univ Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland

Natl Inst Epidemiol, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Ufa Eye Res Inst, Ufa, Russia

Univ Munster, Munster, Germany

Israel Ctr for Dis Control, Ramat Gan, Israel

Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland

Isfahan Univ Med Sci, Isfahan, Israel

Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Res Inst Child Nutr, Dortmund, Germany

Natl Ctr Diabetes & Endocrinol, Amman, Jordan

Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England

Med Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Natl Canc Ctr, Goyang Si, South Korea

Natl Hlh Insurance Serv, Seoul, South Korea

Stat Austria, Vienna, Austria

BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal

Inst Trop Med, Antwerp, Belgium

Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia

Natl Inst Pharm & Nutr, Budapest, Hungary

Minis Hlth & Qual Life, Port Louis, Mauritius

Polish Acad Sci, Anthropol Unit Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland

Univ Hosp Ulm, Ulm, Germany

Univ Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prague, Czech Republic

Univ Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland

Amrita Inst Med Sci, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

Inst Endocrinol, Prague, Czech Republic

All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India

African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya

Hanoi Univ Publ Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam

Higher Inst Nursing Profess & Tech Hlth Morocco, Rabat, Morocco

Natl Inst Publ Hlth Algeria, Algiers, Algeria

Minist Salud Publ, Havana, Cuba

Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden

Endocrinol & Met Res Ctr, Arak, Iran

Indicium Res, Manila, Philippines

Food & Agr Org, Rome, Italy

Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland

Univ Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV USA

Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan

Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China

Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden

Capital Med Univ, Beijing An Zhen Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China

Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia

Univ Med Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Consejeria Sanidad Junta Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain

Univ Fed Ouro Pret, Ouro Preto, Brazil

Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan

CNR, Rome, Italy

Baker Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia

Agr Univ Athens, Athens, Greece

Univ Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia

Inst Rech Dev, Marseille, France

Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Shiraz, Iran

Inst Internal & Prevent Med, Novosibirsk, Russia

Harokopio Univ, Kallithea, Greece

Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Univ Padua, Padua, Italy

Technol Educ Inst Crete, Iraklion, Greece

Loughborough Univ Technol, Loughborough, Leics, England

Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

Lausanne Univ Hosp, Lausanne, Switzerland

Inst Hosp Mard Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain

Mary Immaculate Coll, Limerick, Ireland

Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA

Hungarian Soc Sports Med, Budapest, Hungary

Sherikashmir Inst Med Sci, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway

Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Cape Town, South Africa

Univ Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

Univ Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA

Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland

Stat Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Int Med Univ, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

INSERM, Villejuif, France

Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Oberschleissheim, Germany

Robert Koch Inst, Berlin, Germany

Lusofona Univ, Lisbon, Portugal

Democritus Univ Greece, Komotini, Greece

Grigore T Popa Univ Med & Pharm, Iasi, Romania

Univ Firenze, Florence, Italy

Hypertens Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran

Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda

Univ Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa

Seoul Natl Univ, Childrens Hosp, Seoul, South Korea

Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Univ Med Sci, Havana, Cuba

Univ Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

R CSI Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland

Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Ahwaz, Iran

Gorgas Memorial Inst Publ Hlth, Panama City, Panama

Dept Publ Hlth, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar

Univ Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany

Univ Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Mary Immaculate Coll, Tours, France

Bushehr Univ Med Sci, Bushehr, Iran

Ulm Univ, Ulm, Germany

Inst Publ Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

Banska Bystrica Reg Author Publ Hlth, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Helen Keller Int, Yaounde, Cameroon

Karolinska Inst, Solna, Sweden

Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Hanoi, Vietnam

Univ Pharm & Med Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Hanoi Med Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam

Miami Vet Affairs Healthcare Syst, Miami, FL USA

Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan

Natl Canc Ctr, Tokyo, Japan

Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan

State Univ Med & Pharm, Kishinev, Moldova

Tachikawa Gen Hosp, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

Acad Hosp Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Surinam

Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, Brazil

Natl Food & Nutr Inst, Warsaw, Poland

Minist Hlth, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei

Univ Fed Santa Catarin, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil

Univ Madeira, Funchal, Portugal

Univ Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR USA

MRC Lifecourse Epidemiol Unit, Southampton, Hants, England

Aarhus Univ, Aarhus, Denmark

Kwame Nkrumah Univ Sci & Technol, Kumasi, Ghana

Inst Social & Prevent, Lausanne, Switzerland

Canc Prevent & Res Inst, Florence, Italy

Univ Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI USA

IRCCS Casa Sollievo Sofferenz, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy

Zayed Univ, Dubai, U Arab Emirates

Catholic Univ Daegu, Gyongsan, South Korea

Tg Mures Univ Med & Pharm, Targu Mures, Romania

Jivandeep Hosp, Surat, India

South African Med Res Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Spanish Agcy Consumer Affairs Social Serv & Nutr, Madrid, Spain

Univ Puerto Rico, Med Sci Campus, San Juan, PR USA

Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Tehran, Iran

Vietnam Natl Heart Inst, Hanoi, Vietnam

Leibniz Inst Prevent Res & Epidemiol BIPS, Bremen, Germany

Univ Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg

Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr Udine, Udine, Italy

Univ Hosp Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Minist Hlth & Med Serv, Honiara, Solomon Islands

Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain

Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Univ Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

Inst Hosp Mar Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain

Agcy Prevent and Social Med, Innsbruck, Austria

Digest Oncol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran

Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran

CHU Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland

Ctr Dis & Prevent Control, Riga, Latvia

Al Quds Univ, Jerusalem, Israel

Alborz Univ Med Sci, Karaj, Iran

Minist Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam

BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Inst Epidemiol Dis Control & Res, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Univ Turku, Turku, Finland

India Diabet Res Fdn, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Univ New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Inst Univ Invest Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain

Univ Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Univ Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines

Nutr Res Fdn, Barcelona, Spain

Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Hlth Ctr San Agustin, San AgustIn, Spain

PharmAccess Fdn, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Natl Inst Hlth Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal

Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Canarian Hlth Serv, Barcelona, Spain

Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

Inst Nacl Salud Publ, Mexico City, DF, Mexico

CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain

Gothenburg Univ, Gothenburg, Sweden

Fiji Natl Univ, Suva, Fiji

CNR, Inst Food Sci, Rome, Italy

Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, New Delhi, India

Univ Tunis El Mana, Tunis, Tunisia

Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico

Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Natl Inst Hlth Peru, Lima, Peru

Minist Hlth, South Jakarta, Indonesia

Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain

Publ Hlth Subdelegate Off, Barcelona, Spain

Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Lisbon, Portugal

Univ Sao Paulo, Clin Hosp, Sao Paulo, Brazil

South Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, Lappeenranta, Finland

Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran

Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark

Minist Hlth, Naypyidaw, Myanmar

Lagos State Univ, Coll Med, Lagos, Nigeria

Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain

Baker Heart and Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia

Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Samsung Med Ctr, Seoul, South Korea

Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland

St Vincents Hosp, Melbourne, Vic, Australia

Acad Med Ctr Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Hlth Polytech Jakarta II Inst, Jakarta, Indonesia

Univ Bari, Bari, Italy

Inst Reg Sante Publ, Cotonou, Benin

Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

Inst Publ Hlth Republ Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia

Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Lamprecht & Stamm Sozialforsch & Beratung AG, Zurich, Switzerland

INSERM, Paris, France

Univ Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Sotiria Hosp, Athens, Greece

Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland

Swansea Univ, Swansea, W Glam, Wales

Fu Jen Catholic Univ, New Taipei, Taiwan

Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan

Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru

UNICEF, Yaounde, Cameroon

Danish Canc Soc Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark

Hlth Serv Murcia, Murcia, Spain

Res & Educ Inst, Nicosia, Cyprus

IB SALUT Area Salut Menorca, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Univ Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Hellen Hlth Fdn, Athens, Greece

Univ Pharm & Med Ho Chi Min City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

Governm Med Coll, Secunderabad, India

Sefako Makgatho Hlth Sci Univ, Kangnung, South Korea

Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Dasman Diabet Inst, Kuwait, Kuwait

Minist Hlth, Thorndon, New Zealand

Hellen Med Associat Obes, Athens, Greece

Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela

Meharry Med Coll, Nashville, TN USA

Dokuz Eylul Univ, Izmir, Turkey

Univ Tampere, Tays Eye Ctr, Tampere, Finland

Polytech Inst Porto, Oporto, Portugal

Univ Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Bilthoven, Netherlands

Fed Univ Pelota, Pelotas, Brazil

Italian Natl Res Council, Rome, Italy

Univ Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain

Minist Hlth, Victoria, Seychelles

North Karelian Ctr Publ Hlth, Joensuu, Finland

ISGlobal Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona, Spain

Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Med Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Univ Coll Cork, Cork, Ireland

Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Xinjiang Med Univ, Urumqi, Peoples R China

St Georges Univ London, London, England

Univ Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland

Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, Atenas, Costa Rica

Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia

Univ New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia

Univ Mancheste, Manchester, Lancs, England

Shandong Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China

Kailuan Gen Hosp, Tangshan, Peoples R China

Minist Agr, Inst Food & Dev, Beijing, Peoples R China

Fudan Univ, Childrens Hosp, Shanghai, Peoples R China

Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China

Univ Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Univ Teknol MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Capital Med Univ Beijing, An Zhen Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China

West Kazakhstan State Med Univ, Aktobe, Kazakhstan

Inner Mongolia Med Univ, Hohhot, Peoples R China

Gorgas Mem Inst Publ Hlth, Panama City, Panama

Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Document Type Journal article
Language English
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