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British Ecological Society
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
Background and Aims: Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods: The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results: Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions: Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.
Faculty of Arts Science and Technology University of Northampton, Newton Building, Avenue Campus
Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik Universität Bayreuth
Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107
Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC Campus JK - Diamantina
School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01
Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste UNNE-CONICET
Department of Plant Biology Ecology and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences
Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares Departamento de Biología Comparada Facultad de Ciencias UNAM
Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp
Saint Louis University Department of Biology Biology Extension Building, 1008 S. Spring Ave.
Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutlarý
Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town, P/Bag X3
Ecosystem Management Group ETH Zurich
EDB UMR 5174 Université de Toulouse UPS, 118 route de Narbonne
Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET)
Departamento de Botânica Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista
Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, PO Box 339
Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
Departamento de Botânica - CB Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar Centro de Ciências Agrárias Depto. Ciências da Natureza Matemática e Educação, Rod. Anhanguera Km 174
Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) IMBIV (CONICET-UNC)
Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150
Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg
Biology Department Franklin and Marshall College
Natural History Museum Georgia College, 231 W. Hancock Street
Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus
Department of Biology Willamette University
Department of Botany Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road
Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences Academy of Natural Sciences Drexel University
Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3
Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia
Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), PO Box 661
School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba
Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus IX. Rodovia BR 242, km 4, s/n. Flamengo
Tropical Biology Association David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street
Instituto de Biologia - UFU, Campus Umuarama Bloco 2D
Department of Botany Rhodes University, PO Box 94
Biospheres Eshwari, 52/403, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati
Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue
Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Universitária s/n, Novo Horizonte
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road
Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO FES-Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz
Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109
Department of Plant Sciences Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Kestell Road
Penn State University, 542 ASI Building
Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H
Graduate School of Human Development and Environment Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de VIçosa (UFV)
Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfologia Vegetal (IMBIVUNC-CONICET)
Graduate School of Technology Industrial and Social Science Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijyosanjima
Centro Acadêmico de Vitória Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Departamento de Educação Universidade Federal da Paraiba
Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal da Paraiba
Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações - LEPI Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- Unesp
Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fenologia
