Abstract Introduction: The clinical management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages G3‑G4 patients currently faces several challenges. Although the understanding of SHPT has increased exponentially in recent years, many aspects regarding its diagnosis and management in non‑dialysis G3‑G4 CKD remain elusive. Specifically, while it is known that SHPT is linked to vitamin ...
Background:Although vascular access is essential for adequate haemodialysis delivery, the systematic use of a patient's venous patrimony may eventually lead to exhaustion of suitable sites for placement of a new vascular access. Case Report: We present two cases of such patients. In the first one we inserted a 55cm catheter through the left external iliac vein, and a 40cm translumbar catheter was placed in the ...