Despite the remarkable efficiency of immune checkpoint modulators against metastatic melanoma, only a small percentage of patients respond to these therapies. Among the responders, clinical trials report immune-mediated side effects and disease relapse. Immune checkpoint inhibitors inefficiency is being attributed to tumor-related immunosuppression pathways and limited infiltration of effector T cells. To overc...
Background: Inhibiting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has shown exciting clinical outcomes in diverse human cancers. So far, only monoclonal antibodies are approved as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. While significant clinical outcomes are observed on patients who respond to these therapeutics, a large proportion of the patients do not benefit from the currently available immune checkpoint...