SI I&DT - 17/SI/2019, CEECIND/01649/2021, 47212. Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s); Despite significant strides in improving cancer survival rates, the global cancer burden remains substantial, with an anticipated rise in new cases. Immune checkpoints, key regulators of immune responses, play a crucial role in cancer evasion mechanisms. The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1...