Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) that integrate virtual reality with tactile feedback are increasingly relevant for neurorehabilitation in spinal cord injury (SCI). In our previous case study employing a BCI-based virtual reality neurorehabilitation protocol, a patient with complete T4 SCI experienced reduced pain and emergence of non-spastic lower limb movements after 10 sessions. However, it is still unclear ...
Background: Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) have the potential to replace and expand body functions, but also to induce neuroplasticity. In BMIs that include virtual reality and tactile feedback, it is thought that the underlying mechanism may be partially dependent on immersiveness (i.e., how “realistic” the environment is). It is not known however, if continuously increasing the number of simulation modalitie...
Brain–machine interfaces combining visual, auditory, and tactile feedback have been previously used to generate embodiment experiences during spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. It is not known if adding temperature to these modalities can result in discomfort with embodiment experiences. Here, comfort levels with the embodiment experiences were investigated in an intervention that required a chronic pain ...