Background: Cebranopadol, a promising opioid analgesic undergoing phase III trials, was developed for the treatment of acute and chronic moderate-to-severe pain. Because it is a non-selective ligand acting at more than one member of the opioid receptor family, combining a dual agonist action on mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, and KOR) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors, it has...
Background: Tramadol is mainly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It synergistically combines two distinct mechanisms of action, being a selective agonist for mu-opioid receptors (MOR) and inhibiting serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake, which improves its analgesic and safety profile [1]. However, it is not devoid of neurobehavioral toxicity potential [2], whose molecular alterations are not fu...