Humoral responses to infection or vaccination require T cell-B cell interactions. T follicular helper (TFH) cells drive germinal center (GC) responses by providing help to B cells, whereas T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells regulate them. Both mature GC-located TFH and TFR cells are widely characterized by the expression of ICOS and PD-1. However, although human TFR cells share many phenotypic characteristics ...
A questionnaire survey was designed to investigate the consumption habits and commercialization of organic products in Portugal, under COVID-19 restrictions. Results showed that most participants are familiar with organic farming and have consumed organic foods, mostly fruits and vegetables, and less meat or dairy products. Reasons to consume organic products include environmental concern, helping local produce...
Naïve FoxP3-expressing regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are essential to control immune responses via continuous replenishment of the activated-Treg pool with thymus-committed suppressor cells. The mechanisms underlying naïve-Treg maintenance throughout life in face of the age-associated thymic involution remain unclear. We found that in adults thymectomized early in infancy the naïve-Treg pool is remarkably well pre...