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Update on the approach to smoking in patients with respiratory diseases

Sales,Maria Penha Uchoa; Araújo,Alberto José de; Chatkin,José Miguel; Godoy,Irma de; Pereira,Luiz Fernando Ferreira

ABSTRACT Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory disease (RD). The harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system begin in utero and influence immune responses throughout childhood and adult life. In comparison with “healthy” smokers, smokers with RD have peculiarities that can impede smoking cessation, such as a higher level of nicotine dependence; nicotine withdrawal; higher levels of exhaled carbon...

Date: 2019   |   Origin: Oasisbr
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