Propolis is a natural resin produced by honeybees with plenty of pharmacologic properties, including antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress disrupts germ cell development and sperm function, with demonstrated harmful effects on male reproduction. Several natural antioxidants have been shown to reduce oxidative damage and increase sperm fertility potential; however, little is known about the effects of propolis....
Male fertility is dependent on successful spermatogenesis, as well as an array of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. In this context, oxidative damage in testicular tissue affects the reproductive system, leading to 30 to 80% of infertile cases. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to disrupt the development of germ cells and to interfere with sperm function. Several n...