"Organismal homeostasis is maintained through highly complex and tightly regulated mechanisms that ensure equilibrium, independently of external challenges. Extreme challenges can disrupt this equilibrium, leading to the development of deleterious conditions, such as autoimmunity, cancer or chronic inflammation. A prime example of a condition imposing extreme organismal challenges is sepsis. Defined as an acute...
Humoral responses to infection or vaccination require T cell-B cell interactions. T follicular helper (TFH) cells drive germinal center (GC) responses by providing help to B cells, whereas T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells regulate them. Both mature GC-located TFH and TFR cells are widely characterized by the expression of ICOS and PD-1. However, although human TFR cells share many phenotypic characteristics ...
Autoantibodies are produced within germinal centers (GC), in a process regulated by interactions between B, T follicular helper (Tfh), and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. The GC dysregulation in human autoimmunity has been inferred from circulating cells, albeit with conflicting results due to diverse experimental approaches. We applied a consistent approach to compare circulating Tfr and Tfh subsets in pa...