The literature has yet to draw firm conclusions regarding the effect of economic globalization on government spending in developing countries in general and Pakistan in particular. This paper tries to overcome this gap on the literature and analyses the impact of globalization and democracy on the aggregate level of Pakistan's social spending from 1972 to 2018. The methods used include econometrics models. The ...
Purpose – The main objective of this paper is to understand how the analysis of laws and jurisprudence influences the decisions of gym managers in Portugal. Design/methodology/approach – For this purpose, the Portuguese tax law was investigated, particularly the Value Added Tax law and additional legal dispositions. It also researches the arbitral case law related to nutrition consulting in sports activity comp...
This book is based upon work from COST Action Public Value Capture of Increasing Property Values (PuVaCa, CA17125) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).; The Portuguese planning system is mainly designed with a top-down approach. The National Spatial Planning Policy Program (Programa Nacional da Política de Ordenamento do Território – PNPOT) sets the national policy framework. Base...
The western economic development, which allowed the consumer to have access to goods and services in an easy and accessible way, brought the attention of the academia and practitioners for the current mass consumption society and consumption’s role in generating happiness among consumers. However, contradictory to the contemporary way of life, some consumers have established a different current, in which anti-c...
This paper aims to analyse the impact of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on the volatility of the Pakistan Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchanges, namely, to analyse the pre and post impact of China investments in Pakistan in the energy sector on the stock exchanges of the respective countries. The methods used include an econometric analysis, namely, the GARCH model, and univariate statistical...
The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the pandemic COVID-19 on the efficiency of capital markets in countries of South Asia, namely, the market efficiency of these stock markets in the pre and post-COVID-19 global wave. The methods include quantitative research and time series analysis. Information and data were collected from the stock indices of Pakistan (KSE), India (BSE), Bangladesh (DSE) a...
Relations between political units – levels of government – in a multilevel structure can be organized according to a range of institutions and processes. Intergovernmental relations suggest that the different levels of government interact with their political actors, namely executives, parliaments, or political parties. The research studies on this topic have concentrated attention on federal systems, and unita...
The 2007 financial and economic subprime crisis arising from the collapse of the Lehman Brothers Bank in the USA had severe impacts on all the economic sectors. Journalism in Portugal was highly affected, and the most remarkable impacts led to editorial budget cuts. These cuts led to a drastic decrease in human resources in newsrooms, leading to a consequent breach of investigative journalism. These aspects res...
Forests cover almost one half of European land. Therefore, land taxes, including taxes from forests, are essential for a municipality's income. The land tax system is implemented on different levels, mainly nationally and locally. Therefore, many land tax features are settled by federal law, and others differ according to the local tax administrators. The objective of the paper is to compare the current laws an...
The present article theoretically discusses the relationship between anti-consumption and consumerism. The article starts with a general review of the most critical aspects of both concepts and concludes with a conceptual discussion of the link and interrelationships between the two. This includes a review on anti-consumption manifestations and the related concepts of brand avoidance, politically motivated bran...