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Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.; Comprehensive, comparable, and timely estimates of demographic metrics—including life expectancy and age-specific mortality—are essential for evaluating, understanding, and addressing trends in population health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely and all-cau...
The work of CM was supported by: (i) the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science (via Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P.—FCT) through contracts with GHTM (UID/Multi/04413/2020) and LA-REAL (LA/P/0117/2020); (ii) the European Commission grant 101057690 and UKRI grants 10038150 and 10039289 and is catalogued by the CLIMOS Scientific Committee as CLIMOS number 013 (http://www.climos-project.eu). The...