Background: Recent trends in new psychoactive substances (NPS) abuse have raised a serious public health issue that affects all communities. NPS comprise a wide range of substances, such as synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, opioids, and benzodiazepines [1, 2]. These substances end up in the environment as excretion products or by direct disposal [3]. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) combined with...