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In defence of the entity of Macaronesia as a biogeographical region

Fernández‐Palacios, José María; Otto, Rüdiger; Capelo, Jorge; Caujapé‐Castells, Juli; de Nascimento, Lea; Duarte, Maria Cristina; Elias, Rui B.

Since its coinage ca. 1850 AD by Philip Barker Webb, the biogeographical region of Macaronesia, consisting of theNorth Atlantic volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira with the tiny Selvagens, the Canaries and Cabo Verde, andfor some authors different continental coastal strips, has been under dispute. Herein, after a brief introduction on the termi-nology and purpose of regionalism, we recover the origins...


Insectivorous bats in Indian rice fields respond to moonlight, temperature, and...

Bhalla, Iqbal Singh; Razgour, Orly; Rigal, François; Whittaker, Robert J.

ABSTRACT: Context - Rice, India’s most widely grown crop, suffers substantial and increasing yield loss to insect pests. Insectivorous bats are known suppressors of insect pests, providing significant economic value to agricultural systems worldwide, yet their ecology in Indian agricultural landscapes is poorly understood. Objectives - We assess the influence of key biotic and abiotic factors on the activity of...


A global analysis of avian island diversity–area relationships in the Anthropocene

Matthews, Thomas J.; Wayman, Joseph P.; Whittaker, Robert J.; Cardoso, Pedro; Hume, Julian P.; Sayol, Ferran; Proios, Konstantinos; Martin, Thomas E.

Research on island species–area relationships (ISAR) has expanded to incorporate functional (IFDAR) and phylogenetic (IPDAR) diversity. However, relative to the ISAR, we know little about IFDARs and IPDARs, and lack synthetic global analyses of variation in form of these three categories of island diversity–area relationship (IDAR). Here, we undertake the first comparative evaluation of IDARs at the global scal...


Effects of land‐use change on avian taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic dive...

Rurangwa, Marie Laure; Aguirre‐Gutiérrez, Jesús; Matthews, Thomas J.; Niyigaba, Protais; Wayman, Joseph P.; Tobias, Joseph A.; Whittaker, Robert J.

AIM: Although land use change is a leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide, there is scant information on the extent to which it has affected the structure and composition of bird communities in the Afrotropical region. This study aimed to quantify the effects of habitat transformation on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in Afrotropical bird communities. LOCATION: Nyungwe landscape, a monta...


The human dimension of biodiversity changes on islands

Nogué, Sandra; Santos, Ana M. C.; Birks, H. John B.; Björck, Svante; Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; Connor, Simon; de Boer, Erik J.; Nascimento, Lea de

Islands are among the last regions on Earth settled and transformed by human activities, and they provide replicated model systems for analysis of how people affect ecological functions. By analyzing 27 representative fossil pollen sequences encompassing the past 5000 years from islands globally, we quantified the rates of vegetation compositional change before and after human arrival. After human arrival, rate...


Assessing tropical forest restoration after fire using birds as indicators : An...

Rurangwa, Marie Laure; Matthews, Thomas J.; Niyigaba, Protais; Tobias, Joseph A.; Whittaker, Robert J.

The necessity to restore rainforest habitats degraded by anthropogenic fires is widely recognized, however, research on restoration approaches has mainly centred on the recovery of forest structural complexity. There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy of restoration methods in the recovery of the faunal diversity and features linked to key ecosystem functions. We assessed the taxonomic diversity and funct...


Effects of halocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosyst...

Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José Maria; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary

Research Article; Aim: Palaeoecological data provide an essential long-term perspective of ecological change and its drivers in oceanic islands. However, analysing the effects of multi-scalar and potentially co-occurring disturbances is particularly challenging in dry islands. Here, we aim to identify the ecological consequences of the integrated impacts of a regional drying trend, volcanic eruptions and human ...


Spatial distribution and functional significance of leaf lamina shape in Amazon...

Malhado, Ana Cláudia Mendes; Whittaker, Robert J.; Malhi, Yadvinder Singh; Ladle, Richard James; ter Steege, H.; Butt, Nathalie; Aragao, L. E.O.C.

Leaves in tropical forests come in an enormous variety of sizes and shapes, each of which can be ultimately viewed as an adaptation to the complex problem of optimising the capture of light for photosynthesis. However, the fact that many different shape "strategies" coexist within a habitat demonstrate that there are many other intrinsic and extrinsic factors involved, such as the differential investment in sup...

Date: 2020   |   Origin: Oasisbr

Spatial trends in leaf size of amazonian rainforest trees

Malhado, Ana Cláudia Mendes; Malhi, Yadvinder Singh; Whittaker, Robert J.; Ladle, Richard James; ter Steege, H.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Butt, Nathalie

Leaf size influences many aspects of tree function such as rates of transpiration and photosynthesis and, consequently, often varies in a predictable way in response to environmental gradients. The recent development of pan-Amazonian databases based on permanent botanical plots has now made it possible to assess trends in leaf size across environmental gradients in Amazonia. Previous plot-based studies have sho...

Date: 2020   |   Origin: Oasisbr

Functional traits of indigenous and exotic ground-dwelling arthropods show cont...

Rigal, François; Cardoso, Pedro; Lobo, Jorge M.; Triantis, Kostas A.; Whittaker, Robert J.; Amorim, Isabel R.; Borges, Paulo A. V.

AIM: Land-use change typically goes hand in hand with the introduction of exotic species, which mingle with indigenous species to form novel assemblages. Here, we compare the functional structure of indigenous and exotic elements of ground-dwelling arthropod assemblages across four land-uses of varying management intensity. LOCATION: Terceira Island (Azores, North Atlantic). METHODS: We used pitfall traps to sa...


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