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Critical Raw Material Resource Potentials in Europe
Wittenberg, Antje; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa SoaresABSTRACT: The vulnerability of economies and the associated familiar lifestyles have led to numerous policy measures in Europe. The proposed Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) sets indicative targets for 2030. A sustainable change in the supply situation requires the targeted exploration of raw materials precisely within the framework of national geological research of suitable detail and in advance of entrepren...
Europe’s Raw Materials Supply Chain: Front-End Considerations
Wittenberg, Antje; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Bide, Tom; Hollis, Julie; Nirgi, Siim; Žibret, Gorazd; Gautneb, Håvard; Sadeghi, MartiyaABSTRACT: Supply chains are linked for specific purpose and by something. Hence, the respective links of the chain must be hooked in the right place, sufficiently strong, and have to start somewhere. This chapter looks at the raw materials supply chain as the first link in a commodity supply, from the European Union (EU) perspective. Aspects of the raw material potential of critical or strategic mineral resourc...
GeoERA Raw Materials Monograph : the past and the future
Wittenberg, Antje; de Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Flindt Jørgensen, Lisbeth; González, Javier; Heldal, Tom; Aasly, Kari Aslaksen; Deady, EimearABSTRACT: GeoERA Minerals projects have produced data aimed at supporting Europe’s minerals sector and to assist the European Commission to realise its goals for raw materials. Data has been compiled on mineral occurrences and mineral provinces across Europe, in particular, areas with potential to host Critical Raw Materials. Anecdotal evidence from the minerals sector provides an indication of the likelihood o...
GeoERA´s contribution towards resilience in Europe’s raw materials supply chains
Wittenberg, Antje; De Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; González, Javier; Flindt Jørgensen, Lisbeth; Held, TomThe well-being of society and the interdependencies of national economies depend heavily on reliably functioning supply chains as the COVID-19 pandemic proved this long-known statement in everyone's daily life. None of the supply chains can do without the mostly mineral raw materials. The United Nations sees raw materials as the key component for achieving all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
GeoERA raw materials to support Europe’s resilience on raw materials
Wittenberg, Antje; De Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Flindt Jørgensen, Lisbeth; González, Javier; Heldal, TomEurope’s vision to be a climate neutral economy by 2050 has ushered in the energy transition. Carbon-neutral energy supply is based on raw materials from which energy-critical elements for rechargeable batteries like cobalt, graphite, lithium and rare earth elements can be purified. In addition to direct energy generation, other future-oriented, environmentally friendly key technologies needed for digitisation ...
The critical raw materials issue between scarcity, supply risk, and unique prop...
Girtan, Mihaela; Wittenberg, Antje; Grilli, Maria Luisa; De Oliveira, Daniel Pipa Soares; Giosuè, Chiara; Ruello, Maria LetiziaABSTRACT: This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding ...