Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the premature loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Additionally, PD is linked to several neuropathological processes, such as the formation of Lewy bodies, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis and oxidative stress [1-4]. Despite the notable progress in PD research, the development ...