O mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) é uma quinase que regula o crescimento, proliferação e sobrevivência celulares. A desregulação da via de mTOR está presente em diversas patologias, sendo a sua hiperativação observada em mais de 70% de cancros humanos, incluindo cancro gástrico (CG). Apesar de existirem atualmente diversos inibidores de mTOR (mTORi), a sua utilização clínica ainda é limitada devido à ele...
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in elderly people. Current pharmacological treatment in vascular AMD includes anti-VEGF agents, such as ranibizumab and aflibercept. Additionally, the off-label use of bevacizumab has been shown to be effective and has a lower cost, making it an interesting pharmacological approach; however, there is no consensus about its us...
Background: Hemin is clinically used in acute attacks of porphyria; however, recent evidence has also highlighted its capability to stimulate the heme oxygenase enzyme, being associated with cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Indeed, current preclinical evidence emphasizes the potential anti-inflammatory role of hemin through its use in animal models of disease. Nevertheless, there is n...
Background: Ischemic Stroke (IS) is caused by a focal disruption in cerebral blood flow due to the occlusion of a blood vessel, most commonly the middle cerebral artery (MCA) [1]. The ischemic cascade results in neuronal death and inflammatory response, including in situ microglia activation. Inflammation is a double‐edged sword; it can cause tissue injury but can also help in the tissue repair of the brain [2]...
Background: Hemin is a commonly used drug in the treatment of acute attacks of porphyria, due to its capability of restoring normal levels of hemoproteins and respiratory pigments. In addition, this drug has demonstrated the capacity to induce the heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme. At the moment, there are 3 known HO isoenzymes in mammals: HO-1, HO-2, and HO-3. The first of these shows cytoprotective, antioxidant, and...
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/38658.]
Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is recognized as the leading cause of vision loss in older people. Considering the phenomenon of aging societies worldwide, the prevalence of AMD is expected to increase gradually in the future. AMD can be divided into early, intermediate, and late stages, with the early and intermediate stages being mainly asymptomatic, and the late stage being classified as g...
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a public health issue with a growing prevalence, which can be divided into two phenotypes, namely Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Currently, used therapy is based only on symptomatic and/or palliative pharmacological approaches. These treatments seek to induce and maintain remission of the disease and ameliorate its secondary effects; however, th...
Background: Ischemic Stroke (IS) is caused by a focal disruption in cerebral blood flow due to the occlusion of a blood vessel, most commonly the middle cerebral artery (MCA)—the ischemic cascade results in neuronal death and inflammatory response, including in situ microglia activation. Inflammation is a double‐edged sword; it can cause tissue injury but can also help in the tissue repair of the brain. The onl...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronic and relapsing inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, and weight loss. Currently, there is no cure, and the pharmacological treatment includes drugs that induce and keep the patient in remission, not reversing the underlying pathogenic mechanism. In ...