Pedagogical innovation in higher education is a delicate subject that has already been the object of many studies. Today, it is clear that students must play a very active role in their own learning, in a process that is both increasingly individualised and collaborative, in line with the ever-changing demands of the labour market and society as a whole. Pedagogical innovation can be based on various active met...
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is responsible for water quality deterioration and a possible source of public health risks. Different factors impact the biological stability of drinking water (DW) in the distribution networks, such as the presence and concentration of nutrients, water temperature, pipe material composition, hydrodynamic conditions, and levels of disinfect...
The understanding of microbial susceptibility to disinfectants is an important step to provide drinking water (DW) of adequate microbiological quality. In drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) the application of disinfectants is the main approach to control microorganisms. Although chlorine has been commonly used for DW treatment, the increase of microbial resistance and the production of harmful disinfect...
The chemical disinfectant chlorine, as chlorine gas (Cl2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), has been commonly used for drinking water treatment.1,2 Although the recommended residual concentration of free chlorine allows to some extent the control of microbial growth in the bulk water, the occurrence of biofilms in chlorinated drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) has been frequently reported.3,4 Therefore, ...