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Sustainability of large language models: user perspective

Pipek, Pavel; Canavan, Shane; Canavan, Susan; Capinha, César; Gippet, Jérôme MW; Novoa, Ana; Pyšek, Petr; Souza, Allan T; Wang, Shengyu; Jarić, Ivan

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming an integral part of our daily work. In the field of ecology, LLMs are already being applied to a wide range of tasks, such as extracting georeferenced data or taxonomic entities from unstructured texts, information synthesis, coding, and teaching (Methods Ecol Evol 2024; Npj Biodivers 2024). Further development and increased use of LLMs in ecology, as in science in gene...


Large language models overcome the challenges of unstructured text data in ecology

Castro, Andry; Pinto, João; Reino, Luís; Pipek, Pavel; Capinha, César

The vast volume of currently available unstructured text data, such as research papers, news, and technical report data, shows great potential for ecological research. However, manual processing of such data is labour-intensive, posing a significant challenge. In this study, we aimed to assess the application of three state-of-the-art prompt-based large language models (LLMs), GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and LLaMA-2-70B, t...


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