Understanding why hierarchical social systems thrive and persist has been an important issue for the social sciences. Social dominance orientation (SDO) is considered one of the most important measures to study intergroup attitudes and behavior and how hierarchical social systems are maintained. In this study (N = 313) we assessed the psychometric proprieties of the European-Portuguese version of the SDO7 scale...
Online hate speech has profound implications for society, with migrants as primary targets. Underreporting by victims and bystanders obscures the true extent, indirectly legitimizing these crimes. To assess bystander intervention in online hate speech against immigrants, we developed a scale based on the five steps of the bystander intervention model. In Study 1 (N = 294), exploratory and confirmatory factor an...