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Sex-specific differences in performance and pacing in the world’s longest triat...

Knechtle, Beat; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Andrade, Marilia Santos; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Scheer, Volker; Duric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan

Sex differences in performance and pacing in triathlon have been studied for IRONMAN triathlons (3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling and 42.195 km of running) and ultra-triathlons (i.e. Double-, Triple-, Quintuple- and Deca Iron ultra-triathlons) corresponding to 2x, 3x, 5x and 10x the IRONMAN triathlon distance. However, no study has to date investigated the sex difference in performance and pacing in the longest ...

Date: 2025   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Case Report: Case study of 100 consecutive IRONMAN®-distance triathlons—impact ...

Knechtle, Beat; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Forte, Pedro; Andrade, Marilia Santos; Cuk, Ivan; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Scheer, Volker; Weiss, Katja

Long-distance triathletes such as IRONMAN (R) and ultra-triathletes competing in longer race distances continue to extend ultra-endurance limits. While the performance of 60 IRONMAN (R)-distance triathlons in 60 days was the longest described to date, we analysed in the present case study the impact of split disciplines and recovery in one athlete completing 100 IRONMAN (R)-distance triathlons in 100 days. To d...

Date: 2025   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Sex differences in performance and pacing in the greatest Quintuple Iron ultra-...

Knechtle, Beat; Leite , Luciano Bernardes; Duric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan; Andrade, Marilia Santos; Scheer, Volker; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Weiss, Katja

Pacing in ultra-triathlon has been investigated by analyzing lap times from Double to Deca Iron ultra-triathlon for World Cup races but not for a World Championship. The present study aimed to investigate pacing in ultra-triathletes competing in the fastest and largest World Championship in Quintuple Iron ultra-triathlon ever held in history. A total of 11 female and 24 male finishers who completed the 2024 Qui...

Date: 2025   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Women in the triathlon—the differences between female and male triathletes: a n...

Loosli, Michèle; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Scheer, Volker; Wilhelm, Matthias; Forte, Pedro; Andrade, Marilia Santos; Rosemann, Thomas; Duric, Sasa

Triathlon events have gained popularity in recent years. With the increasing participation of women, aspects that influence performance and physiology, as well as differences between women and men, are of interest to athletes and coaches. A review of the existing literature concerning differences between women and men in triathlon is lacking. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to compare female and male tri...

Date: 2025   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

The fastest 24-hour ultramarathoners are from Eastern Europe

Knechtle, Beat; Valero, David; Villiger, Elias; Scheer, Volker; Weiss, Katja; Forte, Pedro; Thuany, Mabliny; Vancini, Rodrigo Luiz

Ultramarathon running is of increasing popularity, where the time-limited 24-hour run is one of the most popular events. Although we have a high scientific knowledge about different topics for this specific race format, we do not know where the best 24-hour runners originate from and where the fastest races are held. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the origin of these runners and the fastest...

Date: 2024   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Analysis of over 1 million race records shows runners from East African countri...

Weiss, Katja; Valero, David; Villiger, Elias; Thuany, Mabliny; Forte, Pedro; Gajda, Robert; Scheer, Volker; Sreckovic, Sreten; Cuk, Ivan

The 50-km ultra-marathon is a popular race distance, slightly longer than the classic marathon distance. However, little is known about the country of affiliation and age of the fastest 50-km ultra-marathon runners and where the fastest races are typically held. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a large dataset of race records for the 50-km distance race to identify the country of affiliation and the a...

Date: 2024   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Elderly female ultra-marathoners reduced the gap to male ultra-marathoners in S...

Knechtle, Beat; Witthoft, Anja; Valero, David; Thuany, Mabliny; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theo; Scheer, Volker; Forte, Pedro; Weiss, Katja

Recent studies showed that female runners reduced the performance gap to male runners in endurance running with increasing age and race distance. However, the investigated samples were generally small. To investigate this further, the present study examined sex differences by age across various race distances (5, 10 km, half-marathon, marathon, and ultra-marathon) using a large dataset of over 1,100,000 race re...

Date: 2023   |   Origin: Biblioteca Digital do IPB

Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a m...

Costa, Ricardo J. S.; Teixeira, Ana; Rama, Luís; Swancott, Abigail J. M.; Hardy, Lisa D.; Lee, Benjamin; Camões-Costa, Vera; Gill, Samantha

Background: Anecdotal evidence suggests ultra-runners may not be consuming sufficient water through foods and fluids to maintenance euhydration, and present sub-optimal sodium intakes, throughout multi-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM) competitions in the heat. Subsequently, the aims were primarily to assess water and sodium intake habits of recreational ultra-runners during a five stage 225 km semi self-sufficient M...


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