In sociological theory there is no consensus on how to integrate the action theory (like Max Weber's classic approach) and the systems theory (such as Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann approaches). By recognizing that there is a distinction between both levels (the “top” level of the system and the “bottom” level of the action), some theories ambiguously attempt to mingle them. This leads to inconsistent model...
The idea of a variety of modernity modifies the current conceptual coordinate system that sociology has to offer for the definition of modernity. This is due to a dual perception of difference, on the one hand with respect to the own past and on the other hand with respect to the non-Western societies. Discussing about multiple modernity, both differentiations are losing importance. This is a fruitful and innov...