Funding Information: Open access funding provided by FCT|FCCN (b-on). Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025.; Pneumonia is a frequent cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and is the most common infection in ICU patients across all geographic regions. It takes 48-72h for most patients to respond to appropriate antibiotic therapy. Non-response is typically defined as the persistence/worsening of clini...