Funding Information: The present publication was funded by Funda\u00E7\u00E3o Ci\u00EAncia e Tecnologia, IP national support through CHRC (UIDP/04923/2020). Publisher Copyright: © 2025 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved.; Background Surgical procedures present intricate challenges within healthcare delivery, often associated with higher risks of adverse events compared with non-surgical contexts. Patient...