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Development and validation of the transparency index
Costa,Silvia; Ferraz,Ricardo; Aminova,Munira; Ferreira,Carolina; Teixeira,José Eduardo; Lindsay,Iain; Torres,Ana; Silva,AntónioABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and validate the Transparency Index, a tool designed to measure transparency and integrity within sports organisations. The index comprises 15 items across three domains: governance, operational practices, and financial transparency. After expert review, the index underwent content validation and statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics revealed items ranging from 0.02 t...
The use of control group in the sports science research: the ethical challenge
Louro,Gonçalo; Ferraz,Ricardo; Forte,Pedro; Teixeira,José Eduardo; Branquinho,Luís; Esteves,DulceAbstract Medical ethicists have questioned the use of no-treatment controlled studies (placebo and sham procedure) of new therapies when safe and effective standard therapies are available for use as an active or “equivalence” control. Currently, ethical and conduct principles for biomedical research specifically prohibit projects that do not make or deny the “best-proven diagnosis and therapeutic treatment” to...