Experimental infections of mice with the protozoan parasite Leishmania major provide an excellent model for defining the conditions required for generation of CD4 ÷ Thl and Th2 cells in vivo. Since interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been implicated in the development of Thl cells, we investigated whether L. major stimulates IL-12 production in vitro or in vivo. Surprisingly, macrophages cultured in vitro failed to prod...
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We have previously reported that mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) produce high levels of IL-12p70, whereas bone marrow-derived myeloid DC and splenic DC produce substantially lower levels of this cytokine when activated with the TLR-9 ligand CpG. We now show that in response to CpG stimulation, high levels of IL-10 are secreted by macrophages, intermediate levels by myeloid DC, but no detectable IL-10 is...