Funding Information: Y.Y. and J.P. contributed equally to this work. This work was supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (52171162, 52404370,52271122), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2023-BS-012), the IMR Innovation Fund (2023-PY16), and the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong (15227121, 15202824, and C5002-24Y). J.S. and J.P.O. acknowledge funding by national funds ...
Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.; Comprehensive, comparable, and timely estimates of demographic metrics—including life expectancy and age-specific mortality—are essential for evaluating, understanding, and addressing trends in population health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely and all-cau...