Detalhes do Documento

ABSTRACT: European energy systems across the case studies collectively show that Europe can become both self-reliant and an exporter of low-carbon energy carriers if policies and investments unlock regional strengths and the right flexibility instruments are put in place. Southern states with abundant solar energy (e.g. Portugal, Spain, Greece, Turkey) can scale renewables and electrolysis. Scandinavia’s hydropower offers system-scale flexibility that stabilises high variable renewable energy (VRE) penetration, and cross-model comparisons demonstrate that combining broad, cross-sectoral modelling with detailed power-system studies reveals complementary roles for exports, seasonal storage and short-term balancing. Studies of Germany and Hungary underline the critical role of dispatchable, negative-emission options—such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)—to avoid reliance on fossil backstops, while agent-based macroeconomic results show that changing global energy factor prices will reshape (not necessarily hollow out) industrial activity.