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Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling.
Entomology Section Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard
Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Poole Agricultural Center Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, E-143
Depto. de Biologia FFCLRP Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900
Great Lakes Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E.
Australian Museum, 1 William Street
Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Macdonald Campus
Canadian National Collection of Insects Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue
Department of Biological Sciences Spaulding Hall University of New Hampshire
Department of Biological Sciences Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy
Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro – Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000 Distrito Industrial II
Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Jardim das Américas
Mississippi Entomological Museum Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775
Department of Biology Western Kentucky University
Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History
Independent Investigator
California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O’ Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills
California Department of Food and Agriculture California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd.
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway
American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St.
Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave.
Zoological Museum Biodiversity Unit FI-20014 University of Turku
Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL) Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa
Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161
I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15
Universidad de Panama
Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue
School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph
Department of Entomology Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169
Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15
Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190
Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA ARS c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012
Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia CCEN Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n
Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25
Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC) Ghent University, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35
Entomology Unit Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29
USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue
Department of Biological Sciences Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street
UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n
Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave.
Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW
Finnish Museum of Natural History Zoology Unit University of Helsinki
Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue
Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California, One Shields Avenue
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)
UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n
