After locating some of the specific aspects of the problem of causality and explanation in social sciences, the authors try to analyse the meaning and certain results of the gap between the languages of theory and empirical research. On the 2nd part they proceed to present a formal pattern proposed by Raymond Boudon as an adequate tool for the empirical analysis of causality. Finally, they attempt to prove thro...
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The theory of value-work, presents, in the work of Marx, the main function of setting the scientific grounds for a global theory of alienation and to an analysis of the long term evolution trends of capitalism. The refusal of such theory by orthodox economic science - Samuelson beeing nowadays its exponent - brings up a fundamental question: are those questions arisen by Marx false or is orthodox economic scien...
This article is introduced by a short critical analysis of the main theories on international economic relationships: the pure theory of international commerce, the theory of international development (theory of dependency; and the theory of unequal exchange. All these theories seem to be more or less uncapable of explaining a reality whose strictly economical aspects are undissolved from the political, the tec...
This article is to be the first of a short series of texts where shall be examined the evolution of primary education in Portugal, during the thirties, relating it to the development both of capitalism and Portuguese fascism. The main items to be approached refer to the first education law system of the «Estado Novo», to the purposes expected of primary schooling and to the contents of such teaching. Its most s...
Portuguese social pattern presents from 1930 to 1970 deep changes in what concerns the class positions of the social agents. Such changes, only to be considered here from an economic point of view, were the result of the strenghtening and development of capitalism and of the effects of progressive capitalist dominion upon forms of pre-capitalist production, which importance has been progressively decreasing. Bo...