Publicação
Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation
| Resumo: | Pollen, the male gametophyte of flowering plants, is collected by honeybees as a primary source of protein and converted into bee pollen through the enzymatic activity of digestive secretions. The nutrients in bee pollen are available in amounts well beyond those of proteins, comprising macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fiber, as well as micronutrients such as minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the macro and trace mineral content of bee pollen from different botanical and geographical origins, and to assess their bioaccessibility through simulated in vitro digestion, their dietary contribution, and potential health risks. Seven bee pollen samples were investigated, three with a monofloral origin of above 80%, from Nigella spp., Helianthus annuus and Castanea sativa, and four with a multifloral origin. Mineral composition revealed potassium as the most abundant element, while iron, manganese, and copper were found at trace levels. Castanea sativa pollen had the highest overall mineral content, whereas Nigella spp. showed the lowest values for calcium, magnesium, and copper. The bioaccessibility of bee pollen was highest during the gastric phase for most minerals except copper, where most of the samples peaked in the intestinal phase. Overall, mineral bioaccessibility after simulated digestion followed the order K > Mg > Cu > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn. While for manganese, the consumption of bee pollen showed the highest contribution to recommended dietary intake (16% for women and 12% for men), calcium had the lowest, with less than 1% of the RDA at a consumption level of 40 g/day. Health risk assessment confirmed that consuming 40 g/day of bee pollen poses no risk because the target hazard quotient and hazard index are below the risk threshold of 1.0. |
|---|---|
| Autores principais: | Mutlu, Ceren |
| Outros Autores: | Aylanc, Volkan; Vilas-Boas, Miguel |
| Assunto: | Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| Ano: | 2025 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | artigo |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Instituto Politécnico de Bragança |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Biblioteca Digital do IPB |
| _version_ | 1863851245692780544 |
|---|---|
| author | Mutlu, Ceren |
| author2 | Aylanc, Volkan Vilas-Boas, Miguel |
| author2_role | author author |
| author_facet | Mutlu, Ceren Aylanc, Volkan Vilas-Boas, Miguel |
| author_role | author |
| contributor_name_str_mv | Biblioteca Digital do IPB |
| country_str | PT |
| creators_json_str | [{\"Person.name\":\"Mutlu, Ceren\",\"Person.identifier.orcid\":\"0000-0003-4943-2798\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Aylanc, Volkan\",\"Person.identifier.orcid\":\"0000-0003-4060-766X\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Vilas-Boas, Miguel\",\"Person.identifier.orcid\":\"0000-0002-8665-5280\"}] |
| datacite.contributors.contributor.contributorName.fl_str_mv | Biblioteca Digital do IPB |
| datacite.creators.creator.creatorName.fl_str_mv | Mutlu, Ceren Aylanc, Volkan Vilas-Boas, Miguel |
| datacite.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| datacite.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2025-11-14T14:56:14Z |
| datacite.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2025-11-14T14:56:14Z |
| datacite.rights.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| datacite.subjects.subject.fl_str_mv | Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| datacite.titles.title.fl_str_mv | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv | Biblioteca Digital do IPB |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Mutlu, Ceren Aylanc, Volkan Vilas-Boas, Miguel |
| dc.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| dc.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2025-11-14T14:56:14Z |
| dc.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2025-11-14T14:56:14Z |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10198/35074 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | eng |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv | MDPI |
| dc.rights.cclincense.fl_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| dc.title.fl_str_mv | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| description | Pollen, the male gametophyte of flowering plants, is collected by honeybees as a primary source of protein and converted into bee pollen through the enzymatic activity of digestive secretions. The nutrients in bee pollen are available in amounts well beyond those of proteins, comprising macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fiber, as well as micronutrients such as minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the macro and trace mineral content of bee pollen from different botanical and geographical origins, and to assess their bioaccessibility through simulated in vitro digestion, their dietary contribution, and potential health risks. Seven bee pollen samples were investigated, three with a monofloral origin of above 80%, from Nigella spp., Helianthus annuus and Castanea sativa, and four with a multifloral origin. Mineral composition revealed potassium as the most abundant element, while iron, manganese, and copper were found at trace levels. Castanea sativa pollen had the highest overall mineral content, whereas Nigella spp. showed the lowest values for calcium, magnesium, and copper. The bioaccessibility of bee pollen was highest during the gastric phase for most minerals except copper, where most of the samples peaked in the intestinal phase. Overall, mineral bioaccessibility after simulated digestion followed the order K > Mg > Cu > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn. While for manganese, the consumption of bee pollen showed the highest contribution to recommended dietary intake (16% for women and 12% for men), calcium had the lowest, with less than 1% of the RDA at a consumption level of 40 g/day. Health risk assessment confirmed that consuming 40 g/day of bee pollen poses no risk because the target hazard quotient and hazard index are below the risk threshold of 1.0. |
| dirty | 0 |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| fulltext.url.fl_str_mv | https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/bitstreams/0260fa41-23ad-46ce-a3ba-d8a5733fbdf0/download |
| funding.funder.alternateName_str_mv | FCT FCT |
| funding.funder.identifier_str_mv | http://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871 http://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871 |
| funding.funder.name_str_mv | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia |
| funding.name_str_mv | 6817 - DCRRNI ID 6817 - DCRRNI ID |
| id | ipb_5db2d29cd2f168fb1aa4d78d583dc8d0 |
| identifier.url.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10198/35074 |
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| institution | Instituto Politécnico de Bragança |
| instname_str | Instituto Politécnico de Bragança |
| language | eng |
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| oai_identifier_str | oai:bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt:10198/35074 |
| organization_str_mv | urn:organizationAcronym:ipb |
| person_str_mv | Mutlu, Ceren Mutlu, Ceren https://www.ciencia-id.pt/D513-E843-08D9 D513-E843-08D9 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4943-2798 0000-0003-4943-2798 Aylanc, Volkan Aylanc, Volkan https://www.ciencia-id.pt/FB10-056C-9A56 FB10-056C-9A56 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-766X 0000-0003-4060-766X Vilas-Boas, Miguel Vilas-Boas, Miguel https://www.ciencia-id.pt/A918-C6FF-81A4 A918-C6FF-81A4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-5280 0000-0002-8665-5280 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv | MDPI |
| reponame_str | Biblioteca Digital do IPB |
| repository_id_str | urn:repositoryAcronym:ipb |
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| spelling | engMDPIengPollen, the male gametophyte of flowering plants, is collected by honeybees as a primary source of protein and converted into bee pollen through the enzymatic activity of digestive secretions. The nutrients in bee pollen are available in amounts well beyond those of proteins, comprising macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fiber, as well as micronutrients such as minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the macro and trace mineral content of bee pollen from different botanical and geographical origins, and to assess their bioaccessibility through simulated in vitro digestion, their dietary contribution, and potential health risks. Seven bee pollen samples were investigated, three with a monofloral origin of above 80%, from Nigella spp., Helianthus annuus and Castanea sativa, and four with a multifloral origin. Mineral composition revealed potassium as the most abundant element, while iron, manganese, and copper were found at trace levels. Castanea sativa pollen had the highest overall mineral content, whereas Nigella spp. showed the lowest values for calcium, magnesium, and copper. The bioaccessibility of bee pollen was highest during the gastric phase for most minerals except copper, where most of the samples peaked in the intestinal phase. Overall, mineral bioaccessibility after simulated digestion followed the order K > Mg > Cu > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn. While for manganese, the consumption of bee pollen showed the highest contribution to recommended dietary intake (16% for women and 12% for men), calcium had the lowest, with less than 1% of the RDA at a consumption level of 40 g/day. Health risk assessment confirmed that consuming 40 g/day of bee pollen poses no risk because the target hazard quotient and hazard index are below the risk threshold of 1.0.application/pdfengBee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk EvaluationPersonalMutlu, CerenDSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/78a515e1-c1d7-4608-a3ed-a6d43f19e201DSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/78a515e1-c1d7-4608-a3ed-a6d43f19e201Ciência IDhttps://www.ciencia-id.ptD513-E843-08D9ORCIDhttp://orcid.org0000-0003-4943-2798PersonalAylanc, VolkanDSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/879e727d-327b-480c-9e44-5cd58c6a987fDSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/879e727d-327b-480c-9e44-5cd58c6a987fAylancVolkanCiência IDhttps://www.ciencia-id.ptFB10-056C-9A56ORCIDhttp://orcid.org0000-0003-4060-766XScopus Author IDhttps://www.scopus.com57189037561PersonalVilas-Boas, MiguelDSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/f58280c8-298b-4e4c-9f7c-4517300d3382DSpacehttp://dspace.org/items/f58280c8-298b-4e4c-9f7c-4517300d3382Vilas-BoasMiguelCiência IDhttps://www.ciencia-id.ptA918-C6FF-81A4ORCIDhttp://orcid.org0000-0002-8665-5280Researcher IDhttps://www.researcherid.comI-5949-2013Scopus Author IDhttps://www.scopus.com6602648497HostingInstitutionOrganizationalBiblioteca Digital do IPBe-mailmailto:dspace@ipb.ptdspace@ipb.ptISSNIsPartOf1420-3049DOIIsPartOf10.3390/molecules301327452025-11-14T14:56:14Z20252025-01-01T00:00:00ZHandlehttp://hdl.handle.net/10198/35074http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2open accessMicronutrientsBioaccessibilityRecommended daily allowanceTarget hazard quotient1079999 bytesFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaMountain Research Center6817 - DCRRNI IDCrossref Funder IDhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871Fundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaAssociate Laboratory for Sustainability and Tecnology in Mountain Regions6817 - DCRRNI IDCrossref Funder IDhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871literaturehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501journal article2025http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2application/pdffulltexthttps://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/bitstreams/0260fa41-23ad-46ce-a3ba-d8a5733fbdf0/downloadMolecules3013115 |
| spellingShingle | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation Mutlu, Ceren Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| subject.fl_str_mv | Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| title | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| title_full | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| title_short | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| title_sort | Bee Pollen as a Dietary Mineral Source: In Vitro Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Evaluation |
| topic | Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| topic_facet | Micronutrients Bioaccessibility Recommended daily allowance Target hazard quotient |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10198/35074 |
| visible | 1 |