Publication
Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy
| Summary: | Background People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may develop endocrine dysfunction, particularly involving the thyroid gland. Although overt thyroid dysfunction in patients living with HIV is similar to that of the general population, subclinical thyroid dysfunction is significantly more prevalent. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of changes in thyroid function in patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and to determine whether routine thyroid function testing is warranted. Methods Retrospective observational study including 249 people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and followed in an Internal Medicine outpatient clinic between 2018 and 2023. Patients with a history of thyroid disease before 2018, those receiving treatment with amiodarone, lithium, interferon, and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and those lacking thyroid function assessment or medical records before 2023 were excluded. Results Of the 249 patients, 96.4% showed no abnormalities in thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction was identified in nine patients (3.6%): four (1.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, one (0.4%) Hashimoto's thyroiditis, two (0.8%) antibody-negative hypothyroidism, and two (0.8%) subclinical hyperthyroidism. Conclusion The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was low, suggesting no benefit in systematic screening of thyroid function among patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | Bolas, Ana Filipa |
| Other Authors: | Caixas, Umbelina; Bogalho, Paula; Silva-Nunes, José |
| Subject: | antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| Year: | 2026 |
| Country: | Portugal |
| Document type: | article |
| Access type: | open access |
| Associated institution: | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
| Language: | English |
| Origin: | Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| _version_ | 1868984258502066176 |
|---|---|
| author | Bolas, Ana Filipa |
| author2 | Caixas, Umbelina Bogalho, Paula Silva-Nunes, José |
| author2_role | author author author |
| author_facet | Bolas, Ana Filipa Caixas, Umbelina Bogalho, Paula Silva-Nunes, José |
| author_role | author |
| contributor_name_str_mv | NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM) SAGE Publications RUN |
| country_str | PT |
| creators_json_txt | [{\"Person.name\":\"Bolas, Ana Filipa\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Caixas, Umbelina\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Bogalho, Paula\"},{\"Person.name\":\"Silva-Nunes, José\"}] |
| datacite.contributors.contributor.contributorName.fl_str_mv | NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM) SAGE Publications RUN |
| datacite.creators.creator.creatorName.fl_str_mv | Bolas, Ana Filipa Caixas, Umbelina Bogalho, Paula Silva-Nunes, José |
| datacite.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| datacite.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2026-04-29T14:39:01Z |
| datacite.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2026-04-29T14:39:01Z |
| datacite.rights.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| datacite.subjects.subject.fl_str_mv | antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| datacite.titles.title.fl_str_mv | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv | NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM) SAGE Publications RUN |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Bolas, Ana Filipa Caixas, Umbelina Bogalho, Paula Silva-Nunes, José |
| dc.date.Accepted.fl_str_mv | 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| dc.date.available.fl_str_mv | 2026-04-29T14:39:01Z |
| dc.date.embargoed.fl_str_mv | 2026-04-29T14:39:01Z |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10362/202688 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | eng |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| dc.title.fl_str_mv | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| description | Background People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may develop endocrine dysfunction, particularly involving the thyroid gland. Although overt thyroid dysfunction in patients living with HIV is similar to that of the general population, subclinical thyroid dysfunction is significantly more prevalent. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of changes in thyroid function in patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and to determine whether routine thyroid function testing is warranted. Methods Retrospective observational study including 249 people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and followed in an Internal Medicine outpatient clinic between 2018 and 2023. Patients with a history of thyroid disease before 2018, those receiving treatment with amiodarone, lithium, interferon, and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and those lacking thyroid function assessment or medical records before 2023 were excluded. Results Of the 249 patients, 96.4% showed no abnormalities in thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction was identified in nine patients (3.6%): four (1.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, one (0.4%) Hashimoto's thyroiditis, two (0.8%) antibody-negative hypothyroidism, and two (0.8%) subclinical hyperthyroidism. Conclusion The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was low, suggesting no benefit in systematic screening of thyroid function among patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. |
| dirty | 0 |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| fulltext.url.fl_str_mv | https://run.unl.pt/bitstreams/1e4643b4-3c8e-4e10-9f3f-61eefca1c6b8/download |
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| identifier.url.fl_str_mv | http://hdl.handle.net/10362/202688 |
| inst_facet_str | urn:organizationAcronym:unl{{{_:::_}}}Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
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| institution | Universidade Nova de Lisboa |
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| language | eng |
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| oai_identifier_str | oai:run.unl.pt:10362/202688 |
| organization_str_mv | urn:organizationAcronym:unl |
| person_str_mv | Bolas, Ana Filipa Caixas, Umbelina Bogalho, Paula Silva-Nunes, José |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| repo_facet_str | urn:repositoryAcronym:run{{{_:::_}}}Repositório Institucional da UNL |
| reponame_str | Repositório Institucional da UNL |
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| spelling | engenBackground People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may develop endocrine dysfunction, particularly involving the thyroid gland. Although overt thyroid dysfunction in patients living with HIV is similar to that of the general population, subclinical thyroid dysfunction is significantly more prevalent. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of changes in thyroid function in patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and to determine whether routine thyroid function testing is warranted. Methods Retrospective observational study including 249 people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and followed in an Internal Medicine outpatient clinic between 2018 and 2023. Patients with a history of thyroid disease before 2018, those receiving treatment with amiodarone, lithium, interferon, and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and those lacking thyroid function assessment or medical records before 2023 were excluded. Results Of the 249 patients, 96.4% showed no abnormalities in thyroid function. Thyroid dysfunction was identified in nine patients (3.6%): four (1.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, one (0.4%) Hashimoto's thyroiditis, two (0.8%) antibody-negative hypothyroidism, and two (0.8%) subclinical hyperthyroidism. Conclusion The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was low, suggesting no benefit in systematic screening of thyroid function among patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.application/pdfenThyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral TherapyBolas, Ana FilipaCaixas, UmbelinaBogalho, PaulaSilva-Nunes, JoséNOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM)SAGE PublicationsHostingInstitutionOrganizationalRUNe-mailmailto:run@unl.ptrun@unl.ptISSNIsPartOf2325-9574URNIsPartOfPURE: 160433570URNIsPartOfPURE UUID: 9180eedc-58c2-4aed-86df-2ca8595b8dd4URNIsPartOfScopus: 105034818626URNIsPartOfPubMed: 41925153DOIIsPartOf10.1177/232595822614399682026-04-29T14:39:01Z2026-01-012026-01-01T00:00:00ZHandlehttp://hdl.handle.net/10362/202688http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2open accessantiretroviral therapyHIV/AIDSscreeningthyroid diseasesImmunologyDermatologyInfectious DiseasesSDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being563974 bytesliteraturehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2application/pdffulltexthttps://run.unl.pt/bitstreams/1e4643b4-3c8e-4e10-9f3f-61eefca1c6b8/download |
| spellingShingle | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy Bolas, Ana Filipa antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| status | SINGLETON |
| subject.fl_str_mv | antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| title | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| title_full | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| title_fullStr | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| title_short | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| title_sort | Thyroid Function Screening in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy |
| topic | antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| topic_facet | antiretroviral therapy HIV/AIDS screening thyroid diseases Immunology Dermatology Infectious Diseases SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/10362/202688 |
| visible | 1 |