Publicação
Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis.) P. Karst. aqueous ammonia extract
| Resumo: | Mushroom extracts have shown potential as a source of new antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the chemical profile of an aqueous ammonia extract obtained from the carpophores of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, which grows on <i>Quercus ilex</i> trees, and explores its valorization as a biorational. The major chemical constituents of the extract, identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, include acetamide, oleic acid, 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol, monomethyl azelate, undecane, and palmitic acid. The anti-oomycete and antifungal activity of <i>G. lucidum</i> extract was evaluated against <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i>, the primary threat to <i>Quercus</i> spp. in the <i>dehesa</i> biome, as well as three Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. In vitro tests revealed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 187.5 μg·mL<sup>−1</sup> against <i>P. cinnamomi</i> and 187.5–1000 μg·mL<sup>−1</sup> against the fungi. Furthermore, conjugation of the <i>G. lucidum</i> extract with chitosan oligomers (COS) synergistically enhanced its antimicrobial activity, resulting in MIC values of 78.12 and 375–500 μg·mL<sup>−1</sup> against <i>P. cinnamomi</i> and the fungi, respectively. These MIC values are among the highest reported to date for natural products against these phytopathogens. Subsequent ex situ testing of the COS-<i>G. lucidum</i> conjugate complex on artificially inoculated <i>Q. ilex</i> excised stems resulted in high protection against <i>P. cinnamomi</i> at a dose of 782 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>. These findings support the potential utilization of this resource from the <i>dehesa</i> ecosystem to protect the holm oak, aligning with sustainable and circular economy approaches. |
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| Autores principais: | Sánchez-Hernández, Eva |
| Outros Autores: | Teixeira, Ana; Pereira, Catarina; Cruz, Adriana; Martín-Gil, Jesús; Oliveira, Rui Pedro Soares de; Martín-Ramos, Pablo |
| Assunto: | Antifungal activity Anti-oomycete activity Chitosan oligomers (COS) Dehesa ecosystem Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Mushroom extracts Natural products Phytopathogens Quercus ilex Reishi |
| Ano: | 2023 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | artigo |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade do Minho |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | RepositóriUM - Universidade do Minho |
| Resumo: | Mushroom extracts have shown potential as a source of new antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the chemical profile of an aqueous ammonia extract obtained from the carpophores of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, which grows on <i>Quercus ilex</i> trees, and explores its valorization as a biorational. The major chemical constituents of the extract, identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, include acetamide, oleic acid, 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol, monomethyl azelate, undecane, and palmitic acid. The anti-oomycete and antifungal activity of <i>G. lucidum</i> extract was evaluated against <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i>, the primary threat to <i>Quercus</i> spp. in the <i>dehesa</i> biome, as well as three Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. In vitro tests revealed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 187.5 μg·mL<sup>−1</sup> against <i>P. cinnamomi</i> and 187.5–1000 μg·mL<sup>−1</sup> against the fungi. Furthermore, conjugation of the <i>G. lucidum</i> extract with chitosan oligomers (COS) synergistically enhanced its antimicrobial activity, resulting in MIC values of 78.12 and 375–500 μg·mL<sup>−1</sup> against <i>P. cinnamomi</i> and the fungi, respectively. These MIC values are among the highest reported to date for natural products against these phytopathogens. Subsequent ex situ testing of the COS-<i>G. lucidum</i> conjugate complex on artificially inoculated <i>Q. ilex</i> excised stems resulted in high protection against <i>P. cinnamomi</i> at a dose of 782 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>. These findings support the potential utilization of this resource from the <i>dehesa</i> ecosystem to protect the holm oak, aligning with sustainable and circular economy approaches. |
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