Publicação
Development of a phage-based biosensor to detect Salmonella in food stuff
| Resumo: | Food- and waterborne illnesses are a serious public health concern worldwide and have stimulated research aiming at a rapid and accurate detection of pathogens by applying biosensing technologies. Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli are some examples of pathogens that have an enormous impact on public health. Many publications have mentioned different type of biosensors for a broad range of bacteria. These methods may circumvent the limitations that conventional microbiological techniques have. Pathogens of interest need culture enrichment steps to reach the detection limit, a process that requires time, as well as laboratory technicians with expertise skills. Detection of pathogens at a very early stage is not as easy as it seems, due to the necessity to unite a set of characteristics that enable the development of an inexpensive and robust biosensor. The ideal biosensing system should be rapid and accurate and should combine specificity and sensitivity, leading to a marginal amount of false positive or negative results. As the biosensor is composed of two parts, a biological and a sensor element, the biorecognition element of choice plays a crucial role when creating the perfect biosensor. Bacteriophages (or simply phages) are viruses that specifically recognize bacteria and this characteristic can be used as a potential "key" to solve problems related with bacterial detection. Moreover, the easy and low cost production of these viruses combined with their stability in harsh environmental conditions make them excellent competitors with other biological elements (e.g. antibodies, enzymes). The use of phages as a therapeutic agent and as an interface in detection systems has gained special interest of the research community. In many laboratories, phage-based platforms have been developed; however only a few have broken the barrier and went to the market as a clinical diagnostic tool. Nowadays, the food sector still uses conventional methods to detect Salmonella in food stuff that, as mentioned before, take times and requires expert skills. Notwithstanding the great improvements in the detection area, biosensing systems still lack sensitivity and give erroneous results. Furthermore, problems related to the detection of bacteria in a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is one of the concerns that can give false negatives. VBNC bacteria are not able to grow on standard bacteriological media, but are metabolically active, albeit very low, maintaining the capacity to cause diseases and therefore remain a potential risk in several health facilities and the food industry. The use of standard microbiological methods to detect if the bacterium is dead or alive is no practicable, since the presence of VBNC state is not detectable. Therefore, novel technologies that can overcome this barrier are imperative. The prevalence of this problem and the necessity of finding a detection technology that can fulfill the Salmonella detection needs, led to the proposal of the present work that explores phages as an interface in a magnetoresistive and magnetoelastic biosensor. The work presented herein describes the characterization of a broad host range lytic phage. PVP-SE1, is able to discriminate between cell viability states, including the VBNC condition. This phage was combined with highly sensitive magnetoresistive sensors originating a powerful detection system with highstandard performance at the accuracy, specificity but also sensitivity level, detecting bacteria concentrations in the order of 100 cells/μL (3-4 cells/sensor). Another strategy followed, aiming at circumventing the limitations of using whole phages in a biosensing interface, was the utilization of recognition peptides of phage origin, responsible for the identification of the hosts. The proof-of-concept was demonstrated with a model phage selected from landscape library as a streptavidin binder. The results showed that the streptavidin binding peptides extracted from the phage bind to streptavidin with the same or better affinity than the native phage. The same was demonstrated with the tail fibre proteins of phage PVP-SE1, heterologously expressed, which showed equal binding affinities compared to their parental phage. This work demonstrates how phages can be explored in the development of a biosensor, opening the possibility of using an accurate, sensitive, specific and cheaper device that can be applied to an emergent concern: foodborne pathogens. |
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| Autores principais: | Fernandes, Elisabete Ramos |
| Assunto: | Foodborne pathogens Detection Bacteriophages Specificity PVP-SE1 phage Salmonella Biosensor Viable But Nonculturable (VBNC) state False positives False negatives Patogénicos de origem alimentar Deteção, Bacteriófagos Especificidade Fago PVP-SE1 Salmonela Biossensor Estado viável, mas não cultivável Falsos positivos Falsos negativos |
| Ano: | 2013 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | tese de doutoramento |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade do Minho |
| Idioma: | português |
| Origem: | RepositóriUM - Universidade do Minho |
| Resumo: | Food- and waterborne illnesses are a serious public health concern worldwide and have stimulated research aiming at a rapid and accurate detection of pathogens by applying biosensing technologies. Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli are some examples of pathogens that have an enormous impact on public health. Many publications have mentioned different type of biosensors for a broad range of bacteria. These methods may circumvent the limitations that conventional microbiological techniques have. Pathogens of interest need culture enrichment steps to reach the detection limit, a process that requires time, as well as laboratory technicians with expertise skills. Detection of pathogens at a very early stage is not as easy as it seems, due to the necessity to unite a set of characteristics that enable the development of an inexpensive and robust biosensor. The ideal biosensing system should be rapid and accurate and should combine specificity and sensitivity, leading to a marginal amount of false positive or negative results. As the biosensor is composed of two parts, a biological and a sensor element, the biorecognition element of choice plays a crucial role when creating the perfect biosensor. Bacteriophages (or simply phages) are viruses that specifically recognize bacteria and this characteristic can be used as a potential "key" to solve problems related with bacterial detection. Moreover, the easy and low cost production of these viruses combined with their stability in harsh environmental conditions make them excellent competitors with other biological elements (e.g. antibodies, enzymes). The use of phages as a therapeutic agent and as an interface in detection systems has gained special interest of the research community. In many laboratories, phage-based platforms have been developed; however only a few have broken the barrier and went to the market as a clinical diagnostic tool. Nowadays, the food sector still uses conventional methods to detect Salmonella in food stuff that, as mentioned before, take times and requires expert skills. Notwithstanding the great improvements in the detection area, biosensing systems still lack sensitivity and give erroneous results. Furthermore, problems related to the detection of bacteria in a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is one of the concerns that can give false negatives. VBNC bacteria are not able to grow on standard bacteriological media, but are metabolically active, albeit very low, maintaining the capacity to cause diseases and therefore remain a potential risk in several health facilities and the food industry. The use of standard microbiological methods to detect if the bacterium is dead or alive is no practicable, since the presence of VBNC state is not detectable. Therefore, novel technologies that can overcome this barrier are imperative. The prevalence of this problem and the necessity of finding a detection technology that can fulfill the Salmonella detection needs, led to the proposal of the present work that explores phages as an interface in a magnetoresistive and magnetoelastic biosensor. The work presented herein describes the characterization of a broad host range lytic phage. PVP-SE1, is able to discriminate between cell viability states, including the VBNC condition. This phage was combined with highly sensitive magnetoresistive sensors originating a powerful detection system with highstandard performance at the accuracy, specificity but also sensitivity level, detecting bacteria concentrations in the order of 100 cells/μL (3-4 cells/sensor). Another strategy followed, aiming at circumventing the limitations of using whole phages in a biosensing interface, was the utilization of recognition peptides of phage origin, responsible for the identification of the hosts. The proof-of-concept was demonstrated with a model phage selected from landscape library as a streptavidin binder. The results showed that the streptavidin binding peptides extracted from the phage bind to streptavidin with the same or better affinity than the native phage. The same was demonstrated with the tail fibre proteins of phage PVP-SE1, heterologously expressed, which showed equal binding affinities compared to their parental phage. This work demonstrates how phages can be explored in the development of a biosensor, opening the possibility of using an accurate, sensitive, specific and cheaper device that can be applied to an emergent concern: foodborne pathogens. |
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