Publicação
Presence of Cryptosporidium baileyi in different Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) moors and its relation with agents of other avian diseases
| Resumo: | ABSTRACT - Respiratory cryptosporidiosis was first diagnosed in wild Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) in autumn 2010 from a grouse moor in the North Pennine Dales in the UK. Three years after, 48% of grouse moors in Northern England had Red Grouse with severe lesions. The present survey was projected by St David’s Game Bird Services, it was performed with the purpose of gathering information regarding Cryptosporidium baileyi, concomitant parasites (Trichostrongylus tenuis and Eimeria spp.) and other different avian disease agents (Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus) that may also be implicated in cryptosporidiosis outbreaks. Age, gender and weight were additionally recorded to better comprehend the distribution of this disease through different groups (age and gender) and its relation with weight. Different agents were evaluated by using: head histopathology and corneal impression smear (stained by the modified Ziehl Neelsen technique) for C. baileyi and modified McMaster technique for counting Eimeria spp. oocysts and T. tenuis eggs per gram of faeces. Pooled samples (ocular swabs) were used to assess, through PCR technique, the presence of other different avian disease agents. Regarding statistical analyses, two-sample Wilcoxon test, linear regression analysis and Fisher’s exact test were used to test statistical significance differences among variables. Positive results for C. baileyi were composed by 18.42% (7 out of 38) adults and 30.77% (16 out of 36) young birds. Statistically significant differences between age and gender groups were not found (p>0.05; OR=0.51). 70.00% (21 out of 30) of birds with clinical signs were positive for C. baileyi, compared with 3.33% (2 out of 60) that were positive without clinical signs, which differences were statistically significant (p<0.001; OR= 0.02). The median weight of positive animals for C. baileyi was 604g and 629g for negative birds, however no statistical significance was found between weight and the presence of C. baileyi (W=601; p>0.05). No statistically significant relationships were found between the presence of C. baileyi and Eimeria spp. or T. tenuis intensities (p>0.05). A statistically significant relation was found between grouse weight and Eimeria spp. intensity (p<0.01). Additionaly, three positive results (pools composed by 5 birds) were obtained for Infectious Bronchitis Virus, two of them from birds with evident clinical signs and one from aparently healthy birds. This study did not find any statistically significant relation between the presence of C. baileyi and other parasites, viruses or bacteria. However a worthy description of those agents and how they can be implicated in the Red Grouse life span was made, also aiming to raise the awareness and potentially encouraging new perspectives on cryptosporidiosis prevention and control. |
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| Autores principais: | Ferreira, João Diogo Bernardo Bragança |
| Assunto: | Red Grouse Cryptosporidium baileyi Bulgy eye Intestinal parasites Infectious agents GB, Scotland Lagópode-escocês Conjuntivite Criptosporidiose respiratória Parasitas GB, Escócia |
| Ano: | 2015 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | dissertação de mestrado |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade de Lisboa |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa |
| Resumo: | ABSTRACT - Respiratory cryptosporidiosis was first diagnosed in wild Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) in autumn 2010 from a grouse moor in the North Pennine Dales in the UK. Three years after, 48% of grouse moors in Northern England had Red Grouse with severe lesions. The present survey was projected by St David’s Game Bird Services, it was performed with the purpose of gathering information regarding Cryptosporidium baileyi, concomitant parasites (Trichostrongylus tenuis and Eimeria spp.) and other different avian disease agents (Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus) that may also be implicated in cryptosporidiosis outbreaks. Age, gender and weight were additionally recorded to better comprehend the distribution of this disease through different groups (age and gender) and its relation with weight. Different agents were evaluated by using: head histopathology and corneal impression smear (stained by the modified Ziehl Neelsen technique) for C. baileyi and modified McMaster technique for counting Eimeria spp. oocysts and T. tenuis eggs per gram of faeces. Pooled samples (ocular swabs) were used to assess, through PCR technique, the presence of other different avian disease agents. Regarding statistical analyses, two-sample Wilcoxon test, linear regression analysis and Fisher’s exact test were used to test statistical significance differences among variables. Positive results for C. baileyi were composed by 18.42% (7 out of 38) adults and 30.77% (16 out of 36) young birds. Statistically significant differences between age and gender groups were not found (p>0.05; OR=0.51). 70.00% (21 out of 30) of birds with clinical signs were positive for C. baileyi, compared with 3.33% (2 out of 60) that were positive without clinical signs, which differences were statistically significant (p<0.001; OR= 0.02). The median weight of positive animals for C. baileyi was 604g and 629g for negative birds, however no statistical significance was found between weight and the presence of C. baileyi (W=601; p>0.05). No statistically significant relationships were found between the presence of C. baileyi and Eimeria spp. or T. tenuis intensities (p>0.05). A statistically significant relation was found between grouse weight and Eimeria spp. intensity (p<0.01). Additionaly, three positive results (pools composed by 5 birds) were obtained for Infectious Bronchitis Virus, two of them from birds with evident clinical signs and one from aparently healthy birds. This study did not find any statistically significant relation between the presence of C. baileyi and other parasites, viruses or bacteria. However a worthy description of those agents and how they can be implicated in the Red Grouse life span was made, also aiming to raise the awareness and potentially encouraging new perspectives on cryptosporidiosis prevention and control. |
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