Publicação
Role of the neurotrophic factor receptor RET in haematopoiesis
| Resumo: | Haematopoiesis is a developmental process that ensures the generation of all blood cell lineages throughout life. As a consequence, this is a highly complex and dynamic developmental cascade subject to tight regulatory mechanisms. Thus, the study of novel molecular signals is critical to further understand how haematopoiesis operates to ensure the balance between cell lineage commitment, cell homeostasis and efficient haematopoietic responses to insults and disturbances. The tyrosine kinase RET is the receptor for the GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) neurotrophic factor family (GDNF family ligands – GFLs). Productive RET signalling controls the development and maintenance of the enteric nervous system, kidneys and spermatogenesis. Interestingly, Ret expression was detected in haematopoietic cells and lymphoid organs and RET signalling was shown to regulate enteric lymphoid organogenesis. However the role of RET in haematopoiesis remains completely unexplored. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are at the onset of the developmental cascade that generate all blood cells, thus we initially investigated the role of RET in HSC function and how modulation of RET signalling can be used to control HSC responses. Finally, we investigated the role of RET in late stages of haematopoietic cell precursor differentiation into the T cell lineage. We found that the tyrosine kinase RET is critical to HSC survival and function. HSCs express RET signalling molecules and HSCs microenvironment provides RET ligands. Moreover Ret ablation leads to reduced HSC numbers and recruitment of quiescent cells into proliferation. Although RET null progenitors have normal differentiation potential, they exhibit impaired in vivo stress response and reconstitution potential. Remarkably RET downstream signalling results in p38/MAP kinase phosphorylation and CREB transcription factor activation, providing HSCs with critical surviving cues. In agreement, recue of Ret null progenitors was efficiently achieved in vivo by forcing the expression of RET downstream targets, Bcl2 or Bcl2l1. Thus, RET activation improves HSC survival and in vivo transplantation efficiency, unveiling exciting new possibilities in transplantation and HSC ex vivo expansion. In addition, our work demonstrates that HSC use neurotrophic factors to regulate and maintain their fitness. RET signalling molecules are also expressed in thymocytes, more specifically, we found their expression in CD4/CD8 double negative thymocytes (DN). Nevertheless, ablation of Ret or it co-receptors Gfra1 and Gfra2 had a minor impact in foetal thymopoiesis. In agreement, Ret conditional knockout mice had similar thymocyte development and fitness when compared to their WT counterparts. Thus, while RET signalling is critical to HSC function, it is dispensable for T cell development in vivo. Altogether, our work show that molecular mechanisms usually assigned to specific tissues, can be more widely used by unrelated cell types, such as haematopoietic stem cells. Our findings also illustrate how a same signalling pathway can be regulated to originate different cell responses. Unlike several neuronal populations that use GFLs depending on the specific expressed co-receptor, HSCs express multiple RET coreceptors and respond to GFLs in a redundant fashion. There is increasing evidence that nervous signals can control haematopoiesis, namely by regulating osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cell function in HSC niches. Herein, we show that neurons and HSC employ common regulatory mechanisms. Thus, our work paves the way to further studies employing neurotrophic factors in HSC expansion and transplantation protocols. |
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| Autores principais: | Fonseca-Pereira, Diogo |
| Assunto: | Hematopoiesis T-Lymphocytes Thymocytes Tyrosine Allergy and Immunology Teses de doutoramento - 2013 |
| Ano: | 2013 |
| País: | Portugal |
| Tipo de documento: | tese de doutoramento |
| Tipo de acesso: | acesso aberto |
| Instituição associada: | Universidade de Lisboa |
| Idioma: | inglês |
| Origem: | Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa |
| Resumo: | Haematopoiesis is a developmental process that ensures the generation of all blood cell lineages throughout life. As a consequence, this is a highly complex and dynamic developmental cascade subject to tight regulatory mechanisms. Thus, the study of novel molecular signals is critical to further understand how haematopoiesis operates to ensure the balance between cell lineage commitment, cell homeostasis and efficient haematopoietic responses to insults and disturbances. The tyrosine kinase RET is the receptor for the GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) neurotrophic factor family (GDNF family ligands – GFLs). Productive RET signalling controls the development and maintenance of the enteric nervous system, kidneys and spermatogenesis. Interestingly, Ret expression was detected in haematopoietic cells and lymphoid organs and RET signalling was shown to regulate enteric lymphoid organogenesis. However the role of RET in haematopoiesis remains completely unexplored. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are at the onset of the developmental cascade that generate all blood cells, thus we initially investigated the role of RET in HSC function and how modulation of RET signalling can be used to control HSC responses. Finally, we investigated the role of RET in late stages of haematopoietic cell precursor differentiation into the T cell lineage. We found that the tyrosine kinase RET is critical to HSC survival and function. HSCs express RET signalling molecules and HSCs microenvironment provides RET ligands. Moreover Ret ablation leads to reduced HSC numbers and recruitment of quiescent cells into proliferation. Although RET null progenitors have normal differentiation potential, they exhibit impaired in vivo stress response and reconstitution potential. Remarkably RET downstream signalling results in p38/MAP kinase phosphorylation and CREB transcription factor activation, providing HSCs with critical surviving cues. In agreement, recue of Ret null progenitors was efficiently achieved in vivo by forcing the expression of RET downstream targets, Bcl2 or Bcl2l1. Thus, RET activation improves HSC survival and in vivo transplantation efficiency, unveiling exciting new possibilities in transplantation and HSC ex vivo expansion. In addition, our work demonstrates that HSC use neurotrophic factors to regulate and maintain their fitness. RET signalling molecules are also expressed in thymocytes, more specifically, we found their expression in CD4/CD8 double negative thymocytes (DN). Nevertheless, ablation of Ret or it co-receptors Gfra1 and Gfra2 had a minor impact in foetal thymopoiesis. In agreement, Ret conditional knockout mice had similar thymocyte development and fitness when compared to their WT counterparts. Thus, while RET signalling is critical to HSC function, it is dispensable for T cell development in vivo. Altogether, our work show that molecular mechanisms usually assigned to specific tissues, can be more widely used by unrelated cell types, such as haematopoietic stem cells. Our findings also illustrate how a same signalling pathway can be regulated to originate different cell responses. Unlike several neuronal populations that use GFLs depending on the specific expressed co-receptor, HSCs express multiple RET coreceptors and respond to GFLs in a redundant fashion. There is increasing evidence that nervous signals can control haematopoiesis, namely by regulating osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cell function in HSC niches. Herein, we show that neurons and HSC employ common regulatory mechanisms. Thus, our work paves the way to further studies employing neurotrophic factors in HSC expansion and transplantation protocols. |
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