Author(s): Fernandes, Filipe ; Paíga, Paula ; Freitas, Maria ; Pinho, Cláudia ; Oliveira, Ana Isabel ; Delerue-Matos, Cristina ; Grosso, Clara ; Pinho, Cláudia ; Oliveira, Ana Isabel
Date: 2026
Persistent ID: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/32555
Origin: Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico do Porto
Subject(s): Agrifood waste; Nanoparticles
Food and agricultural sectors produce large quantities of waste that present high potential for valorization. Cistus ladanifer L., used in the perfume and essential oil industries, produces post-distillation residues rich in phenolic compounds (PCs). These residues can be exploited for the green synthesis of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), widely studied for environmental remediation. The aim of this study was to develop green synthesized nZVI using Abbreviations: AAE, Ascorbic acid equivalents; ABTS•+, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; AES, Analytical Eco-scale; AGREE, Analytical Greenness Calculator; AMPA, Aminomethylphosphonic acid; C-nZVI, Chemically synthesized nZVI; CLL, C. ladanifer leaves; CLS, C. ladanifer stems; DPPH•, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; DLS, Dynamic light scattering; EDS, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; EOs, Essential oils; FeCl3, Iron chloride; FMOC-Cl, 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate; FRAP, Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; GAE, Gallic acid equivalents; GEMAM, Greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods; Glyph, Glyphosate; H2O, Water; HCl, Hydrochloric acid; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC-FLD, High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; LC-MS, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MeOH, Methanol; MES, Green Certificate Modified Eco-scale; MoGAPI, Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index; MRLs, Maximum residue levels; MTT, (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide); NaBH4, Sodium borohydrate; nZVI, Nano zero-valent iron; NaOH, Sodium hydroxide; NNP, No nanoparticles; NPs, Nanoparticles; NS, No soil; PCs, Phenolic compounds; PDI, Polydispersity index; SEM, Scanning electron microscopy; SQUID, Superconducting quantum interference device; TG, Thermogravimetric analysis; TPC, Total phenolic content; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction; ZP, Zeta potential; Fe3O4, Magnetite; γ-Fe2O3, Maghemite; γ-FeO, Lepidocrocite.
